MI'KMAQ & MALISEE T CULTURAL ANCESTRAL MATERIAL This page intentionally left blank MI'KMAQ & MALISEE T CULTURAL ANCESTRAL MATERIAL National Collections from the Canadian Museum of Civilization Stephen J. Augustine MERCURY SERIES ETHNOLOGY PAPER 140 CANADIAN MUSEUM OF CIVILIZATION © 2005 Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this book may be repro Manager, Publishing: Deborah Brownrigg duced or transmitted in any form or by any means Coordinator, Internal Publishing Program and electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, Co-Publications: Sarah Lacharity recording, or any retrieval system, without the prior Curator of Platean Ethnology: Nicholette Prince written permission of the publisher. Cover Design: Hangar 13 Design: Phredd Grafix Published by the Printer: The Lowe-Martin Group Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation (CMCC) Front photographs: Man: Gabe A. Paul i n a traditional 100 Laurier Street ceremonial Maliseet costume. Photo b y Frank G. Speck, P.O.Box 3100, Station B September 10, 1913. Young girl: Daughter of John Paul, Gatineau, Quebec J8X 4H2 Mi'kmaq of Badgers Brook, Newfoundland. Photo by Frank G Speck in 1914. Back cover photographs: Doll: Doll representing Beothuk wood head and torso, red knitted wool outfit. Cultural Affiliation: Mi'kmaq; Badgers Brook, Newfoundland . Hat: Chief's hat made from heavy dark blue broadcloth PRINTED IN CANADA and beads. Cultural Affiliation: Maliseet; Old Town, Maine. Library and Archives Canada Object of the Mercury Series Cataloguing in Publication This series is designed to permit the rapid dissemi nation of information pertaining to the disciplines in Augustine, Stephen J. (Stephen Joseph), 1949- which the Canadian Museum of Civilization Corpo ration is active. Considered an important reference by Mi'kmaq and Maliseet Cultural Ancestral Material: the scientific community, the Mercury Series comprises National Collections from the Canadian Museum over 400 specialized publications on Canada's history of Civilization and prehistory. Due to its specialized audience, the series consists largely of monographs published in (Mercury series, ISSN 0316-1854) the language of the author. In the interest of making (Ethnology paper, ISSN 1709-5875; no. 140) information available quickly, normal production pro cedures have been abbreviated. As a result, grammatical Includes an abstract in French. and typographical errors may occur. Your indulgence ISBN 0-660-19115-6 is requested. Cat.no. NM95-21/140E But de la collection Mercure 1. Micmac Indians — Material culture — Catalogs. La collection Mercure vise à diffuser rapidement le résultat de travaux dans les disciplines qui relèvent 2. Maliseet Indians — Material culture — Catalogs. des sphères d'activités du Musée canadien des civili 3. Indians of North America — Material culture — sations. Considérée comme un apport important dans Atlantic Provinces — Catalogs. la communauté scientifique, la collection Mercure 4. Canadian Museum of Civilization — Catalogs. présente plus de 400 publications spécialisées portant sur l'héritage canadien préhistorique et historique. I. Canadian Museum of Civilization. Comme la collection s'adresse à un public spécialisé, II. Title. celle-ci est constituée essentiellement de monographies III. Series. publiées dans la langue des auteurs. Pour assurer la prompte distribution des exemplaires imprimés, les IV. Series: Ethnology paper (Canadian Museum étapes de l'édition ont été abrégées. En conséquence, of Civilization); no. 140. certaines coquilles ou fautes de grammaire peuvent sub E99.M6A83 2003 971.5'004973 C2003-980321-X sister : c'est pour-quoi nous réclamons votre indulgence. How to Obtain Mercury Series Titles Comment se procurer les titre s parus dans la E-mail: [email protected] collection Mercure Web: cyberboutique.civilization.ca Courriel : [email protected] Telephone: 1 819 776-8387 or, toll-free Web : cyberboutique.civilisations.ca 1 800 555-5621 (North America) Téléphone : 1 819 776-8387 ou sans frais, Mail: Mail Order Services en Amérique du Nord seulement, Canadian Museum of Civilization 1 800 555-5621 100 Laurier Street Poste : Service des commandes postales P.O. Box 3100, Station B Musée canadien des civilisations Gatineau, Quebec J8X 4H2 100, rue Laurier C.P. 3100, succursale B Gatineau (Québec) J8X 4H2 PREFACE We find echoes of those who go before us in the shapes of our bodies and the talents of our minds and hands. They bequeath us their memories in reminiscences and family stories. They give us their knowledge through their words, spoken and re-spoken, written and read. In the work of their hands, they leave us brief, and often eloquent, records of their lives. This book provides a guide to the objects in the Canadian Museum of Civilization made by Mi'kmaq and Maliseet people in the early years of the twentieth century. Sometimes the names of the makers have been preserved; sometimes they have not. These objects represent the work of three generations of people responding with creativity, vivacity, and intensity of purpose, to lives rich in heritage and fraught with difficulty Today, they mean different things to different people: knowledge lost, knowledge regained, life in a time gone by, a living heritage, a grandmother's basket. For Stephen Augustine, making these objects and the information associated with them accessible to Mi'kmaq and Maliseet people has been a task of heart and mind. This book was preceded by a Web site created for SchoolNet by the Canadian Museum of Civilization, in co-operation with Industry Canada. Although a great deal of work was required to prepare the Web site, even more work has been needed to make this book. It is relatively easy, now, to confide images and text to cyberspace, and let them be used and enjoyed by all who surf the net. But not everybody surfs the net. A book can be picked up and leafed through, passed around in a gathering of people, left on a bench for someone to find by accident, read in a classroom or kept on a bedside table. In cyberspace, information travels around the globe in an instant, and can vanish just as quickly. Books move far more slowly, but they tend to be available for the next person, whether that person comes along in ten minutes, or ten years. We hope that now — and a generation from now — Mi'kmaq and Maliseet people and all who are interested in their history, will find in this book a path to the objects themselves and, through the objects, a vital connection to the minds and knowledge of the people who made them. Andrea Laforet February 10, 2005 ABSTRACT M i'kmaq & Maliseet Cultural Ancestral Material has been designed to provide information and images for collections held in the Canadian Museum of Civilization in Gatineau, Quebec. The collection of artifacts featured in this publication is from the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet cultural groups living in the Atlantic region of Canada, and in Maine, U.S.A. These colourful and finely crafted cultural objects were collected, sold or donated between approximately 1841 and the present day. Mi'kmaq & Maliseet Cultural Ancestral Material profiles the extensive range of material housed at the Canadian Museum of Civilization. Featured objects include everything from tools and equipment used for fishing, hunting and trapping, to modes of transpor tation such as canoes, snowshoes and toboggans, to containers, clothing and ceremonial objects. Focussing on post-Contact cultural material, this publication clearly demonstrates the ingenuity and artistry involved in adapting modern materials and processes to traditional objects, forms and technologies. This finding aid will undoubtedly prove to be a helpful tool for First Peoples, academic researchers, educators and the general public. The publication is divided into two sections: the first deals with Mi'kmaq cultural material; the second deals with Maliseet material. Most items are identified with a photograph and a brief descriptive text. The result is a comprehensive reference tool for researchers and educators alike. RÉSUMÉ L'ouvrage Mi'kmaq & Maliseet Cultural Ancestral Material vise à présenter de l'information et des images des collections conservées au Musée canadien des civilisations, à Gatineau (Québec). La collection d'artefacts présentée dans ce livre provient des groupes culturels micmacs et malécites des régions maritimes de l'Est du Canada et du Maine, É.-U. Ces objets culturels colorés et finement ouvragés ont été collectionnés, vendus ou donnés environ de 1841 à aujourd'hui. Cette publication présente la vaste gamme d'objets qu'abrite le Musée canadien des civilisations. On y trouve de tout, des outils et du matériel de pêche, de chasse et de piégeage, à des moyens de transport comme des canots, des raquettes et des toboggans, ainsi que des contenants, des vêtements et des objets de cérémonie. S'intéressant surtout aux objets culturels de la période postérieure aux premiers contacts avec les Européens, cette publication montre clairement l'ingéniosité et le talent artistique qu'il a fallu pour adapter des matériaux et techniques modernes aux objets, formes et méthodes traditionnels. Mi'kmaq & Maliseet Cultural Ancestral Material sera sans aucun doute une ressource très utile aux peuples autochtones, aux chercheurs, aux enseignants et au grand public. La publication se divise en deux sections : la première porte sur les objets culturels micmacs; la seconde sur les objets malécites. La plupart des objets sont identifiés par une photographie et un court texte descriptif. Le produit final est un outil de référence exhaustif pour les chercheurs aussi bien que pour les enseignants. This page intentionally left blank TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements 1 Introduction 3 Mi'kmaq Artifacts 9 Maliseet Artifacts 123 Index to Mi'kmaq Collections 239 Index to Maliseet Collections 249 Index to Object Names 257