Migration Research Leaders' Syndicate

216 Pages·2017·3.77 MB·English

MIGRATION RESEARCH LEADERS’ SYNDICATE
IN SUPPORT OF THE GLOBAL COMPACT ON MIGRATION
Migration Research
Leaders’ Syndicate
Ideas to inform international cooperation on
safe, orderly and regular migration
The opinions expressed in the report are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material
throughout the report do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or
boundaries.
IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society.
As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to:
assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues;
encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and
well-being of migrants.
This publication has been issued without formal editing by IOM. Any errors or oversights in this publication
are the sole responsibility of the authors.
Suggested citation: McAuliffe, M. and M. Klein Solomon (Conveners) (2017) Migration Research Leaders’
Syndicate: Ideas to Inform International Cooperation on Safe, Orderly and Regular
Migration, IOM: Geneva.
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MIGRATION RESEARCH LEADERS’ SYNDICATE
IN SUPPORT OF THE GLOBAL COMPACT ON MIGRATION
Migration Research
Leaders’ Syndicate
Ideas to inform international cooperation on
safe, orderly and regular migration

Ideas to inform international cooperation on safe, orderly and regular migration
Foreword
The 2018 global compact on migration presents a pivotal opportunity in international migration as it will
constitute the first comprehensive and long-term vision for international cooperation on migration.
In responding to the New York Declaration for Refugees and Migrants of September 2016, the Compact
is expected to advance a framework for international cooperation on migration governance to address
migration’s current challenges in an encompassing and coherent way. Building on an ambitious process of
consultations at national, regional and international levels, the Compact will reflect the positions of Member
States, including by drawing on the expertise of academics, practitioners and intergovernmental organizations
and the perspectives of other stakeholders, such as the private sector. The preparations are therefore a unique
opportunity to propose innovative ideas for international cooperation in migration governance that respond
to the complex realities of migration. Grounding the Compact in existing knowledge and evidence will be
critical in developing effective and sustainable policy responses.
In fulfilling its obligation to jointly service the preparations for the global compact, IOM extends its policy and
technical expertise on migration to the consultative process. To support this work in a practical and effective
way, the Migration Research Leaders’ Syndicate was convened. The Syndicate consists of a group of thirty-six
leading scholars in migration and nine advisers with vast experience in bridging policy and research, whether
as senior non-migration scholars, former policymakers or prominent practitioners engaged in the dialogue
between research and policy. Bringing together experts from all over the world, the Syndicate was designed
to enrichen the preparations of the global compact on migration with insights from a range of disciplines,
comparative perspectives and a wealth of evidence and rigorous analysis. In other words, IOM has created a
framework and space to enable Syndicate members to provide the global compact on migration process with
the latest thinking in academic and applied research to inform intergovernmental negotiations.
Following IOM’s invitation to contribute to this initiative, a group of Syndicate members and advisers jointly
discussed ideas on a range of issues in a workshop that took place in September 2017 in Geneva. The
insights compiled in this volume are contributions that can assist in designing practical, evidence-based and
innovative solutions for migration governance at a global level, as well as hopefully avoid negative unintended
consequences.
William Lacy Swing
Director General
iii

Table of contents
Foreword .................................................................................................................................................iii
Introduction .............................................................................................................................................1
Part I: Syndicate Members’ Top 3 Reads ..................................................................................................7
List of Syndicate Advisers ...................................................................................................................15
Part II: Syndicate Papers .........................................................................................................................17
How does migration arise?.................................................................................................................19
Jørgen Carling
Ideas on Conflicting Issues of Governance
Border security, migration governance and sovereignty ....................................................................27
Susan Martin and Elizabeth Ferris
Southern urbanism and the rescaling of migration law and policy ....................................................33
Loren B Landau
Environmental migrants and global governance: Facts, policies and practices .................................37
Walter Kälin and Sanjula Weerasinghe
In each other’s shoes: Making migration policies equitable across borders ......................................49
Binod Khadria
Overprincipled and underperforming: Why we need a practice-based global compact
on migration .......................................................................................................................................55
Gibril Faal
Ideas on Migrant Worker Safeguards
Protecting migrant workers: The case for a core rights approach ......................................................61
Martin Ruhs
Transnational culture of corruption in migrant labour recruitment ...................................................67
Ray Jureidini
Securing and insuring livelihoods: Migrant workers and protection gaps .........................................73
Jenna Hennebry
Social protection for migrant workers abroad: Addressing the deficit via country-of-origin
unilateral measures? ..........................................................................................................................79
Marius Olivier
v
Table of contents
Ideas on Countering Migrant Smuggling and Human Trafficking
Supporting communities under migration pressure: The role of opportunities,
information and resilience to shocks .................................................................................................91
Linguère Mously Mbaye
How should migrant smuggling be confronted? ................................................................................97
Jørgen Carling
Whatever happened to the migrant smuggling protocol? ...............................................................105
Anne Gallagher
National referral mechanisms for victims of human trafficking: Deficiencies
and future development ..................................................................................................................111
Guofu Liu
Ideas on Regular Migration Pathways
Humanitarian alternative pathways for protection for forced migrants in Latin America ...............117
Liliana Lyra Jubilut
A sectorial approach to labour migration: Agriculture and domestic work .....................................123
Anna Triandafyllidou
For their own good? Addressing exploitation of women migrant workers ......................................131
Jenna Hennebry
The human development visa scheme: Applying practical and sustainable policy levers
to actively encourage migrants to undertake safe, orderly and regular migration ..........................139
Marie McAuliffe
Ideas on Integration, Return and Reintegration
Migrants’ integration in host societies, and return to home countries:
The case of the Middle East and South Asia ..........................................................................................151
Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi, Rasoul Sadeghi and Abdullah Mohammadi
Integration that values diversity – Exploring a model for current migration dynamics ...................159
Gervais Appave and Inês David
Migrant return and reintegration policy: A key component of migration governance ..........................169
Kathleen Newland
Ideas on Migration Narratives
Media coverage on migration: Promoting a balanced reporting .....................................................175
Anna Triandafyllidou
Why values, not economics, hold the key to the populist right -
and to crafting new migration narratives .........................................................................................183
Eric Kaufmann
Ideas on Mobilizing Partners for Action
Private sector engagement in the global compact on safe, orderly, and regular migration ............189
Andre Alves Dos Reis, Khalid Koser and Mariah Levin
Local and municipal responses to cross-border migration: Providing services to migrants
independent of status ......................................................................................................................195
Harald Bauder
Resolving migration conundrums: Mobilising partners to provide better migration solutions -
The Asia dialogue on forced migration (Track II dialogue) ...............................................................201
Peter Hughes and Travers McLeod
vi
Ideas to inform international cooperation on safe, orderly and regular migration
Introduction
Marie McAuliffe1 and Michele Klein Solomon2
There continues to be wide acknowledgement that much more needs to be done to support safe, orderly
and regular migration. Now is a decisive time in international migration, with the 2018 Global Compact on
Migration presenting a unique opportunity to develop, commit to and begin implementing innovative ideas
and practical solutions on safe, orderly and regular migration. Member States have indicated that the Global
Compact on Migration, as expressed in the September 2016 Declaration for Refugees and Migrants, is to
“…set out a range of principles, commitments and understandings among Member States regarding international
migration in all its dimensions.” The Global Compact will be finalized and agreed by States at a United Nations
conference in late 2018 following a three-phase process: consultation phase (April to November 2017);
stocktaking phase (December 2017 to February 2018); and intergovernmental negotiation phase (March to
July 2018). The process is occurring concurrently with the development of the global compact on refugees.
Taking stock of, and drawing upon, the existing evidence on key aspects of migration will be critical in shaping
the Global Compact, and provides an opportunity to draw on the latest thinking underpinned by research and
analysis to support international cooperation and effective responses at the global level.
The series of six United Nations led informal thematic consultations, as outlined in the United Nations
modalities resolution of January 2017, comprise the following broad themes: migrants’ rights; drivers of
migration; international cooperation and global governance; migration and sustainable development; migrant
smuggling and human trafficking; and irregular/regular migration pathways. Regional consultations have also
taken place, and many States are undertaking national-level consultations as their own views and inputs
are further developed and refined. Throughout these processes, migration academics and other migration
experts and practitioners continue to be involved in various capacities, including by providing advice on
general approaches and/or specific aspects of a yet-to-be articulated global compact on migration. A word
cloud on the New York Declaration and United Nations modalities resolution text provides some indication of
the focus thus far.
Figure 1: Word cloud of New York Declaration and United Nations modalities text
Note: Excludes keywords ‘migration’, ‘migrant’, ‘refugee’, ‘United Nations’ and ‘States’.
1 Head, Migration Policy Research Division and Co-Convener of the Syndicate.
2 Senior Policy Adviser to the Director General and Co-Convener of the Syndicate.
1
Introduction
Migration policy contexts
International migration patterns and processes occurring within regional and global economic, social, political
and security environments reflect, to some extent, migration policy settings, which are mainly determined at
the national level. Where, how, when and with whom people migrate often depends on the options available
to them, with many of those options being determined or shaped by national-level policies both directly
and indirectly. In migration, as in many other areas of State regulation, the tension that exists in finding the
right policy balance between influencing behaviour and responding to changes in behaviour can be a delicate
one. In migration policy, which has impact stretching well beyond national regulatory systems, there are
also foreign policy, human rights, human development, border management, trade and economic aspects to
contend with. These are in addition to significant domestic policy aspects, including those related to labour
markets, industry, social cohesion, infrastructure and social services. Migration is a rich and complicated area
of policy. Negotiating potentially competing aspects of national interest with those of international interest
(at the bilateral, regional or multilateral levels) can result in challenging conundrums.
There is also the turbidity of the policymaking environment and the high turnover rate of ministers, senior
officials and others working on international migration. These changes are not particular to migration and
relate to more systemic shifts toward managerialism in governance and regulatory environments that have
seen expertise and content knowledge diminish over recent decades.3 At the same time, information overload
is challenging knowledge building and policymaking processes while policy complexity and interlinkages
continue to grow.4
How is the Migration Research Leaders’ Syndicate contributing?
The Migration Research Leaders’ Syndicate brings together senior migration researchers from around the
world with expertise and deep knowledge of migration. The Syndicate consists of 36 members with diverse
geographic origins, thereby gathering perspectives from traditional origin, destination and transit countries.
The Syndicate has been designed as an inter-disciplinary body and includes researchers from a range of
disciplines including law, geography, economics, demography, international relations, sociology and political
science. In addition to responding to the ambitious global compact on migration time frame, a number of
other important aspects have been taken into account in bringing together the Syndicate, including:
• Syndicate members’ knowledge is based on years of empirical research and analysis that typically tests
assumptions and hypotheses to improve understandings of migration;
• Syndicate members bring considerable expertise in communicating findings to academic and policy
audiences; and
• that the depth of knowledge of Syndicate members extends to areas less prominent in policy spheres,
such global/regional migration patterns, migrant decision-making, and the diversity of migrants’
experiences.
In addition to the short time frame, one of the more challenging aspects of the global compact on migration
will be formulating effective principles and commitments for Member States given the breadth of migration
issues and the complexity of international migration. If the Compact is not grounded in evidence and
knowledge, the risk of unintended consequences could be high.
Taking these issues into account, Syndicate members’ expertise in informing the global compact on migration
has involved two key elements. The first has been recommending ‘top three reads’ for policymakers ahead
of the intergovernmental negotiations phase. Advice on what to read from experts with depth of knowledge
on specific topics is highly valued by policymakers who often have to manage and respond to a multitude
of priorities under pressure. Like many of us, policymakers are extremely busy, and providing ‘top’ reads is
3 Box, 1999; Kirkpatrick et al., 2005.
4 Nutley and Webb, 2000; Weinberger, 2011.
2