Migration between Africa and Europe PDF
Preview Migration between Africa and Europe
Cris Beauchemin E ditor Migration between Africa and Europe Migration between Africa and Europe Cris Beauchemin Editor Migration between Africa and Europe Editor Cris Beauchemin Institut national d’études démographiques (INED) Paris, France ISBN 978-3-319-69568-6 ISBN 978-3-319-69569-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69569-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017961736 © Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. 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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword Of all demographic outcomes, irregular migration is among the most difficult to study. Even when they are fully documented, migrants are difficult to survey simply because they are by definition mobile. Unauthorized migrants are especially diffi- cult to study given their clandestine presence in places of destination and the inher- ent risks they face when revealing information about their existence to strangers. Under these circumstances, standard survey methods do not work, and more subtle and imaginative approaches must be used. During the 1980s, my colleague Jorge Durand and I developed the ethnosurvey as a new tool for studying undocumented migration. Rather than seeking to under- take a representative survey of migrants at places of destination, we sought to locate and interview migrants within specific communities of origin. Even when applying random sampling to locate respondent households, we found that within hometowns the implicit threat of revealing to strangers sensitive information about clandestine behaviors abroad was greatly reduced. Returned migrants were willing and often eager to talk about their foreign experiences and the role that international migration played in their own lives and the lives of family members. After establishing a rela- tionship of trust with their interlocutors, respondents were quite willing to share information about family members still living or working abroad, thus enabling researchers to follow social networks to places of destination where they could interview additional migrants from the community. Jorge Durand and I originally developed the ethnosurvey approach to study doc- umented and undocumented migration between Mexico and the United States, beginning with representative surveys undertaken in 4 communities in 1982 and then moving on to construct a much larger, cumulative database by surveying 4–6 communities new each year from 1987 to the present, an effort that came to be known as the Mexican Migration Project (MMP). Having proved the utility of the approach in Mexico, in 1998, we went on to create the Latin American Migration Project to carry out ethnosurveys in other nations of the hemisphere. Over the years, variants of this multisite, multi-method approach to data collec- tion have been applied in a variety of other nations to study migratory streams ema- nating from Eastern Europe, China, South Asia, and other regions. The Migration v vi Foreword between Africa and Europe (MAFE) project represents perhaps the most elaborate and well developed of these efforts, with wide-ranging surveys fielded in different countries to reveal in rich detail the complex operation of three different migration systems: one connecting communities in Senegal to destinations in France, Italy, and Spain; another linking communities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to destinations in Belgium and the United Kingdom; and a third binding locations in Ghana to points of destination in Great Britain and the Netherlands. The chapters in this volume document in great detail the evolution of each of these migration systems from their origins in the 1970s to the present. In doing so, they identify key determinants of migrants’ decisions to depart and return at differ- ent points in time, shine new light on how migrants integrate within both sending and receiving societies, and document the subtle interplay between migration and the social organization of households and families. The MAFE project definitively proves that it is indeed possible to conduct rigorous, scientifically valid, and empiri- cally reliable research on the illusive phenomenon of unauthorized migration. One can only hope that scholars take note of the great value of MAFE’s methods and findings and that policy makers draw upon them to base their decisions on facts rather than fantasies. Princeton University Douglas S. Massey New Jersey, USA Preface This book is a product of the Migration between Africa and Europe (MAFE) proj- ect, which involved a multinational team of researchers working in nine countries (Belgium, Democratic Republic of the Congo, France, Ghana, Italy, Netherlands, Senegal, Spain, United Kingdom).1 Although more than 20 authors have contributed to the book, not all researchers on the MAFE team are included. Their publications can be found on the project website (http://mafeproject.site.ined.fr/en/). For all of us, the MAFE project was a quite unique experience of collaboration, bringing together people from all over the world and from many disciplines (anthropologists, demographers, economists, geographers, sociologists, and statisticians). The large number of authors for each chapter reflects the fact that the book is the result of a strongly coordinated effort. The work began with preparing and conducting the same sociodemographic survey in the nine countries listed above. Systematically, interviewing about 4000 households and 5400 individuals was for us a precondition for producing new evidence on African migration. The initial idea of collecting new data on migration between Africa and Europe came from Douglas Massey. Although the MAFE project is based on an original methodology, it is largely inspired by the Mexican Migration Project (MMP) that he initiated with Jorge Durand and which provided data for some of the most important sociodemographic studies of interna- tional migration.2 Like any other survey project, MAFE enjoyed the support and assistance of many people and institutions. The INED Survey Department played an essential role in the development of the methodological tools: we benefited from the great expertise of Raphaël Laurent, Cécile Lefèvre, Nicolas Razafindratsima, Geraldine 1 The MAFE project was coordinated by the Institut National d’Etudes Démographiques (C. Beauchemin) and also involved the Université catholique de Louvain (B. Schoumaker), Maastricht University (V. Mazzucato), the Université Cheikh Anta Diop (P. Sakho), the Université de Kinshasa (J. Mangalu), the University of Ghana (P. Quartey), the Universitat Pompeu Fabra (P. Baizan), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (A. González-Ferrer), the Forum Internazionale ed Europeo di Ricerche sull’Immigrazione (E. Castagnone), and the University of Sussex (R. Black). 2 More details at http://mmp.opr.princeton.edu/ vii viii Preface Vivier, and the late Martine Quaglia. The INED Statistical Methods Department also played a crucial role in preparing the data that are freely available for research use3: many thanks to Fofo Ametepe, Arnaud Bringé, Ariana Caporali, Tania Lejbowicz, Amandine Morisset, and Marc Thévenin. Although we cannot cite all the people who took part in this vast collaborative project, we are grateful to all of them, especially to the interviewers and their supervisors, the team coordinators, and the administrative staff. Finally, many thanks to the outside reviewers who com- mented on the chapters during the book’s preparation: Joaquin Arango, Mumpasi Lututala, Douglas Massey, Ronald Skeldon, and the late Graeme Hugo. The MAFE project received funding from the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement 217206. The MAFE-Senegal survey was con- ducted with the financial support of the Institut National d’Etudes démographiques (INED, France), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, France), the Région Ile-de-France, and the FSP program “International migrations, territorial reorgani- zations and development of the countries of the South.” Paris, France Cris Beauchemin 3 The project’s micro and macro data are available in both French and English, and we hope they will be the starting point for many future studies. All the methodological documentation for the MAFE study is available online, along with information on data access at http://mafeproject.site. ined.fr/en/ Contents 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Cris Beauchemin Part I A Comparative Approach of African Migration 2 Migration Between Africa and Europe (MAFE): Advantages and Limitations of a Multi-site Survey Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Cris Beauchemin 3 African Migration: Diversity and Changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Bruno Schoumaker, Marie-Laurence Flahaux, Cris Beauchemin, Djamila Schans, Valentina Mazzucato, and Papa Sakho 4 Migration Between Africa and Europe: Assessing the Role of Resources, Family and Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Amparo González-Ferrer, Elisabeth Kraus, Pau Baizán, Cris Beauchemin, Richard Black, and Bruno Schoumaker 5 Understanding Afro-European Economic Integration Between Origin and Destination Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Eleonora Castagnone, Bruno Schoumaker, Tiziana Nazio, and Laura Bartolini 6 Migrant Families Between Africa and Europe: Comparing Ghanaian, Congolese and Senegalese Migration Flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Valentina Mazzucato, Djamila Schans, Kim Caarls, and Cris Beauchemin ix x Contents Part II Congolese Migration 7 Congolese Migration in Times of Political and Economic Crisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Bruno Schoumaker, Marie-Laurence Flahaux, and José Mangalu 8 Congolese Migrants’ Economic Trajectories in Europe and After Return . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Bruno Schoumaker, Eleonora Castagnone, Albert Phongi Kingiela, Andonirina Rakotonarivo, and Tiziana Nazio 9 Migration and Family Life Between Congo and Europe . . . . . . . . . . 239 Cris Beauchemin, Kim Caarls, Jocelyn Nappa, Valentina Mazzucato, Bruno Schoumaker, and José Mangalu Part III Ghanaian Migration 10 Changing Patterns of Ghanaian Migration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Djamila Schans, Valentina Mazzucato, Bruno Schoumaker, and Marie-Laurence Flahaux 11 Ghanaian Migration: Economic Participation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 Richard Black, Peter Quartey, Eleonora Castagnone, Tiziana Nazio, Bruno Schoumaker, and Andonirina Rakotonarivo 12 Transnational Families Between Ghana, the Netherlands and the UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 Kim Caarls, Valentina Mazzucato, Djamila Schans, Peter Quartey, and Cynthia Addoquaye Tagoe Part IV Senegalese Migration 13 From Senegal and Back (1975–2008): Migration Trends and Routes of Migrants in Times of Restrictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Cris Beauchemin, Papa Sakho, Bruno Schoumaker, and Marie- Laurence Flahaux 14 Migrants’ Economic Participation in Origin and Destination Countries: The Case of Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 Eleonora Castagnone, Papa Sakho, Tiziana Nazio, Bruno Schoumaker, and Andonirina Rakotonarivo 15 Senegalese Families Between Here and There . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423 Cris Beauchemin, Kim Caarls, and Valentina Mazzucato
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