Migration: A World History PDF
Preview Migration: A World History
Migration: A World History The New Oxford World History Migration: A World History Michael H. Fisher 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 © 2014 by Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Fisher, Michael Herbert New Oxford world history : a world history / Michael H. Fisher. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-19-976433-4 (pbk.)—ISBN 978-0-19-976434-1 (hbk.) 1. Emigration and immigration—History. 2. Migration, Internal—History. I. Title. JV6021.F54 2013 304.809—dc23 2013037096 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Frontispiece: Each Gold Rush attracted immigrants seeking a quick fortune, although not all arrived and few returned rich. This 1898 photograph of “women prospectors on their way to Klondike” shows some of the 100,000 Gold Rush immigrants to Yukon territory, Canada, trudging through freezing mud, past a row of saloons and hotels. P hoto by Benjamin West, courtesy Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division, LC-USZ62-2129 To my greatest support and toughest critic This page intentionally left blank Contents Editors’ Preface ....................................................... ix Preface: Migration in World History and as World History ......................................................... x i C HAPTER 1 E arliest Human Migrations, ca. 200,000 bce to ca. 600 ce .................................. 1 C HAPTER 2 M ixing and Clashing Migrations, 600 to 1450 c e . ..................................................... 2 8 CHAPTER 3 M igrations Start to Reconnect the World, 1450 to 1750 ......................................................... 50 C HAPTER 4 N ational and International Migrations, 1750 to 1914 ......................................................... 75 C HAPTER 5 M igrations in an Age of Globalization, 1914 to the Present ............................................. 103 Chronology ......................................................... 127 Notes .................................................................. 129 Further Reading .................................................. 135 Websites .............................................................. 137 Index ................................................................... 1 43 This page intentionally left blank Editors’ Preface T his book is part of the New Oxford World History, an innovative series that offers readers an informed, lively, and up-to-date his- tory of the world and its people that represents a signifi cant change from the “old” world history. Only a few years ago, world history generally amounted to a history of the West—Europe and the United States—with small amounts of information from the rest of the world. Some versions of the “old” world history drew attention to every part of the world except Europe and the United States. Readers of that kind of world history could get the impression that somehow the rest of the world was made up of exotic people who had strange customs and spoke diffi cult languages. Still another kind of “old” world history pre- sented the story of areas or peoples of the world by focusing primarily on the achievements of great civilizations. One learned of great build- ings, infl uential world religions, and mighty rulers but little of ordinary people or more general economic and social patterns. Interactions among the world’s peoples were often told from only one perspective. This series tells world history differently. First, it is comprehensive, covering all countries and regions of the world and investigating the total human experience—even those of so-called peoples without his- tories living far from the great civilizations. “New” world historians thus share in common an interest in all of human history, even going back millions of years before there were written human records. A few “new” world histories even extend their focus to the entire universe, a “big history” perspective that dramatically shifts the beginning of the story back to the big bang. Some see the “new” global framework of world history today as viewing the world from the vantage point of the Moon, as one scholar put it. We agree. But we also want to take a close- up view, analyzing and reconstructing the signifi cant experiences of all of humanity. This is not to say that everything that has happened everywhere and in all time periods can be recovered or is worth knowing, but that there is much to be gained by considering both the separate and interrelated stories of different societies and cultures. Making these connections is still another crucial ingredient of the “new” world history. It emphasizes
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