Migrants in Agricultural Development: A Study of Intrarural Migration

269 Pages·1991·25.6 MB·English

by  J. A. Mollett (eds.)

Edited by J. A. Mollett
Migrants
in Agricultural
Development
Foreword by Barbara E. Harrell-Bond
MIGRANTS IN AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT
Migrants in
Agricultural
Development
A Study of Intrarural Migration
Edited by
J. A. Mollett
Senior Research Associate,
Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford
Foreword by
Barbara E. Harrell-Bond
Director of the Refugee Studies Programme
Queen Elizabeth House, University of Oxford
M
MACMILLAN
© J. A. Mollett 1991
Foreword© Barbara E. Harrell-Bond 1991
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1991
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission
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First edition 1991
Published by
MACMILLAN ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 2XS
and London
Companies and representatives
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Migrants in agricultural development.
1. Agricultural industries. Economic development. Effects of migration of
personnel. Personnel. Migration. Effects on economic development of agricultural
industries
I. Mollett, J. A. 1923-
338.1
ISBN 978-1-349-11832-8 ISBN 978-1-349-11830-4 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978-1-349-11830-4
Contents
List of Maps vii
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
Foreword by Barbara E. Harrell-Bond X
Acknowledgements xiv
Notes on Contributors XV
1 Introduction 1
2 The Economic Rationale for Migration 9
3 International Migration Experience: An Overview
of the Seven Case Studies 22
4 Rural Migration in England: The Long Historical
Perspective
Joan Thirsk 32
5 Land Settlement in Australia Since 1788
Bruce R. Davidson 56
6 Migrant Workers from East-Elbe and Eastern
Europe in the Prussian 'Sugarbeet' Province of
Saxony, 1830--1914
Hans-Heinrich Muller 77
7 Outline History of the Colonisation of Hokkaido,
1870--1930
Shiina Shigeaki 92
8 Migration and Adaptation: Developing New
Farming Strategies on the American Grasslands,
1875-1925
D. Aidan McQuillan 111
9 Colonists and Transmigrants in Agricultural
Development: Planned and Sponsored Settlement
in Indonesia
Sediono M. P. Tjondronegoro 132
v
vi Contents
10 Migrations and Development in Rural Latin
America
Solon L. Ba"aclough 153
11 Forced Migration in Africa: An Overview of the
Two Case Studies 175
12 Local Responses to Involuntary Relocation and
Development in the Zambian portion of the
Middle Zambezi Valley
Thayer Scudder and Jonathan Habarad 178
13 Refugees and Agricultural Development in
Tanzania
Allen Armstrong 206
14 The Implications for Agricultural Development 222
Index 240
List of Maps
4.1 England. 34
4.2 Permanent settlement in the Lincolnshire
marshland following temporary use for summer
pastures in the Middle Ages. 38
5.1 Zones of growing season in Australia as
determined by moisture and temperature. 57
5.2 Farming and grazing zones in Australia. 70
6.1 Main sugar beet areas in Germany, 1871-1918. 79
7.1 Japan. 93
7.2 Hokkaido: Area reclaimed to 1907. 101
8.1 Location of study area in Central Kansas. 117
9.1 Indonesia. 133
10.1 Latin America. 159
12.1 Gwembe District and the Kariba Lake Basin,
Zambia. 179
13.1 Location of main refugee settlements/transit
camps, Tanzania, 1987. 207
vii
List of Tables
7.1 Population in Hokkaido, 1873/4-1926. 96
7.2 Immigration, area colonised and in rice, 1869-81
to 1923-35. 106
7.3 Size distribution of farms in Hokkaido, 1919,
1939 and 1%0. 106
7.4 Breeds of dairy cows in Hokkaido, 1917, 1926
and 1935. 106
7.5 Crops cultivated on Koshimizu Farm (500 ha.) c.
1890. 107
7.6 Value of Output, Hokkaido, 1870--1900. 107
9.1 Land tax collected (by hectares). 134
9.2 Swamp area in Indonesia, 1988. 145
9.3 Transmigration targets in Pelita V. 146
9.4 Transmigration summary, 1905-1988/89. 147
13.1 Crop production and marketing in three major
refugee settlements (1986). 215
viii
List of Figures
8.1 Percentage of farms engaged in simple and multiple
enterprise strategies, 1875-1925. 121
8.2 Allocation of farm labour by each ethnic group,
1885-1925. 122
ix
Foreword
This benchmark study is about a relatively unresearched phenom
enon, rural-to-rural migration and its effects upon agricultural devel
opment. Migration studies have tended to concentrate on
rural-to-urban flows, although, as is pointed out in the Introduction
to this. book, in the late 1980s, whether voluntarily or forced by
events absolutely beyond their control, throughout the world more
people than ever in history are moving from one rural area to
another. Moreover, although the book does not specifically comment
on this issue, given the scarcity of resources in many parts of the
world, it is likely that the numbers who are victims of forced mi
gration will continue to exceed by far the numbers of pioneering,
spontaneous migrants.
Drawing on nine case studies, this book reports on a range of
intrarural (rural-to-rural) migrations, including historical research on
rural migration in England, Australia, Germany, Japan and the
USA; contemporary studies from Indonesia, Latin America; and two
cases of forced migration from Africa. Two major issues of central
importance to government and development policy makers are
addressed: is there evidence to show that the failure to allow migrants
to develop their own initiatives and act as entrepreneurs by imposing
some form of external control holds back development; and is it
possible to encourage the positive trends shown to exist in rural-to
rural migration by a more pragmatic approach?
As Elizabeth Colson has noted, human beings are migratory ani
mals. They treasure possibilities for mobility while seeing any at
tempt to force mobility upon them as an infringement. This study
concludes that rural migration, both spontaneous and forced, which
involves land settlement can be, and often is, a positive force in
agricultural development.
Migration policy as a matter of international concern has devel
oped over the twentieth century along with the independence and
consolidation of states and the introduction of procedures to control
mobility. Today great attention is being directed towards the prob
lem of refugees, forced migrants. The World Bank and other inter
national agencies are also becoming more aware of the adverse
consequences of their development projects designed by them on
communities these have displaced. This book is especially recom-
X