Microwave Semiconductor Engineering

564 Pages·1982·17.75 MB·English

by  Joseph F. White Ph. D. (auth.)

Microwave Semiconductor
Engineering
Van Nostrand Reinhold
Electrical/Computer Science and Engineering Series
Sanjit Mitra, Series Editor
HANDBOOK OF ELECTRONIC DESIGN AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
USING PROGRAMMABLE CALCULATORS, by Bruce K. Murdock
COMPI LER DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION, by Arthur B. Pyster
SINUSOIDAL ANALYSIS AND MODELING OF WEAKLY NONLINEAR
CIRCUITS, by Donald D. Weiner and John F. Spina
APPLIED MULTIDIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS THEORY, by N. K. Bose
MICROWAVE SEMICONDUCTOR ENGINEERING, by Joseph F. White
Microwave Semiconductor
Engineering
[
c
Joseph F. White, Ph. D.
Vice President
Technical Director
Semiconductor Devices
MICROWAVE ASSOCIATES, INC.
~ Burlington, Massachusetts
II
A MIA-COM Company
Van Nostrand Reinhold Electrical/Computer Science and Engineering Series
InimI VAN NOSTRAND REINHOLD COMPANY
~ NEW YORK CINCINNATI TORONTO LONDON MELBOURNE
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company Regional Offices:
New York Cincinnati
Van Nostrand Reinhold Company International Offices:
London Toronto Melbourne
Copyright e 1982 by Van Nostrand Reinhold Company
Softcoyer reprinl of the hardcover 1st edition 1982
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 81·10498
ISBN 978·94-011·7067·3 ISBN 978·94-011·7065·9 (eBook)
DOl 10.1007/978·94-011·7065·9
All rights reserved. Originally copyrighted CI 1977 by Artech House
under the title, SEMICONDUCTOR CONTROL. No part of this work
covered by the copyright hereon may be reproduced or used in any
form or by any means - graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including
photocopying, recording, taping, OJ information storage and retrieyal
systems - without permission of the publisher.
Manufactured in the United States of America
Published by Van Noslrand Reinhold Company
135 West 50th Street, New York, N.Y. 10020
'Published simultaneously in Canada by Van Nostrand Reinhold Ltd.
15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Dala
White, Joseph F., 1938-
Microwave semiconductor engineering.
(Van Nostrand Reinhold electrical/computer science
and engineering series)
Bibliography; p.
Includes index.
I. Microwaye devices - Design and construction.
2. SemicondUctors. I. Title. II. Series.
TK7876.W49 621.381'33 81·10498
AACR2
To Christopher, Patricia Jeanne, Catherine, and Elizabeth
Foreword
Joseph F. White has studied, worked, and taught in all aspects of
microwave semiconductor materials, control diodes, and circuit
applications. He is thoroughly grounded in the physics and math
ematics of the field, but has primarily the engineer's viewpoint,
combining basic knowledge with experience and ingenuity to gen
erate practical designs under constraints of required performance
and costs of development and production. As a result of his teach
ing experience and numerous technical papers and oral presenta
tions, he has developed a clear, well-organized writing style that
makes this book easy to use as a self-teaching text, a reference
volume, and a design handbook.
Dr. White believes that an engineer must have a good understand
ing of semiconductor physics, a thorough knowledge of microwave
circuit theory, at least an elementary acquaintance with transistor
drivers, and the ability to check and refine a microwave circuit on
a computer terminal to be qualified for modern, creative design
of microwave semiconductor control components. These subjects
are well covered in approximately the first half of the book; the
second half treats the general and specific design of switches, at
tenuators, limiters, duplexers, and phase shifters, with many ex
amples drawn from his experience and that of others.
Especially important is the chapter Mathematical Techniques and
Computer Aided Design; it should appeal to all who are concerned
with microwave circuits, whether or not these circuits include
semiconductor elements. In particular, engineers seeking a good
introduction to computer programming will find this book serves
the function well; typical books and instruction manuals on
FORTRAN are too general, too complex, and too confusing for
those who wish to learn the programming skills needed for com
puter aided design of microwave circuits. Dr. White provides the
necessary information for time-shared FORTRAN IV work, start
ing with the fundamentals and covering integer, real, and complex
variables; operation symbols; real and complex functions; sub
routines; simple READ, WRITE, and FORMAT statements; flow
charts; and so on. He gives a number of program listings as exam
ples, starting with simple ones, then moves on to subroutines for
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lossy line immittance transformation, complex ABeD matrix
multiplication, response calculation, and a final flow chart and
listing of a general network analysis program for the cascaded
two-port building blocks commonly found in microwave circuits.
Also, he reproduces a number of printouts from his terminal
which illustrate the effect of the WRITE and FORMAT state
ments, thereby making their meanings unambiguous.
I believe that other microwave engineers will share my admiration
for the broad value of this book, and will consult it frequently
regarding various aspects of microwave circuits, either with or
without semiconductors as elements.
Seymour B. Cohn
Tarzana, California
viii
Preface
This book, initially entitled Semiconductor Control, was written
to be a text and engineering reference for engineers who develop
control devices at Microwave Associates, a purpose it continues to
serve. Yet, whether one wishes to design a microwave control
device, such as a switch or a phase shifter, or some other
microwave solid-state device, such as a Gunn diode oscillator or
an FET amplifier, the principles requisite for an understanding of
the physics of semiconductors, the techniques used for microwave
circuit design and analysis, and the computer-aided evaluative
methods to be employed are the same. Several colleagues have
suggested that, while this book's techniques are illustrated with
semiconductor control devices, its utility extends throughout the
semiconductor microwave engineering area - hence, the new title.
A consideration was to revise the book to include other semi
conductor devices such as Gunn and avalanche diodes, bipolar and
field-effect transistors, and so forth. But these are better treated
in their own separate texts. To include these devices here with the
same detail presently afforded to control components would result
in too long a book. Alternatively, to reduce the control device
treatment to allow for other devices would compromise the
thorough control device coverage that is unique to this text.
This book is useful for students and practicing engineers interested
in semiconductor device use at microwave frequencies and who
therefore must understand both semiconductor and circuit
principles sufficiently to design, measure, and analyze their per
formance. The book represents a compendium of techniques,
derivations, practical applications, formulas, and constants that I
have collected over a 20-year period in my practice of semi
conductor microwave engineering.
Included also are several detailed mathematical and theoretical
treatments that the practicing engineer is likely to encounter and
be curious about - such as how to define waveguide impedance
absolutely and why backward wave couplers have match, isolation,
and 90° phase split at all frequencies, how the Smith Chart is
derived and why matrix theory is useful. The introduction to
FORTRAN IV programming is especially designed for microwave
circuit engineers.
ix
The book need not be read through, cover to cover. Each chapter,
and within the chapters most of the sections, can be read on a
stand-alone basis. In the Introduction that follows, I have high
lighted those elements of each chapter that are special. To derive
most of the benefits from the book, one need but scan this intro
duction in sufficient detail that when an occasion for treating one
of these topics arises, a ready reference can be made to the appro
priate sections.
It is the reader who decides how effectively subjects have been
chosen and covered. Accordingly, comments, suggestions for
future revision and related text, and the noting of errors that are
directed to me will be especially appreciated.
Joseph F. White
Lexington, Massachusetts
x
Introduction
Microwave Semiconductor Engineering treats principles of semi
conductors emphasizing 1) the properties which predominate at
microwave frequencies, 2) the mathematical and circuit design
techniques required to utilize them at microwave frequencies, and
3) practical engineering applications for controlling microwave
signals in amplitude and phase using semiconductors. The book is
a useful addition to the personal library of the engineering student
or practicing professional, whether specializing in microwave
semiconductor applications or merely needing to make reference
to these topics occasionally.
A conversational format has been used to permit the reader to gain
a qualitative perspective of the material on each subject, a perspec
tive that may itself suffice in many situations. The reader may be
interested, for example, in determining just what it is that defines
a semiconductor, how lifetime is specified and why it is important,
and how it would affect circuit performance. From a circuit view
point, the reader may need to know how a simple filter can be
designed to include the diode capacitance in a switch, or how a
directional coupler works and what methods can be used to
analyze it. At this general insight level, the reader may skim the
book, obtaining only the introduction to and physical insight into
a subject that the reader's interest may require. At the specific
design level, the reader seeks more detailed and quantitative infor
mation regarding semiconductors and the design of the circuits
utilized. For this reader, the most fundamental exposition of the
subject is never too much, and for this purpose an in-depth
coverage is provided.
The book assumes only an introduction to electrical engineering,
specifically to microwaves; it can be used in conjunction with or
following a first course in microwaves, since most microwave
analysis methods, even use of the Smith Chart, are derived directly
in the text and the appendices.
Chapters I-III introduce the semiconductors themselves, evolving
the physical principles behind semiconductors, the PN junction,
rectification, the PIN diode, and the characteristics that affect
microwave performance. The concepts of doping, hole and elec-
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