Microwave RF Antennas and Circuits. Nonlinearity Applications in Engineering

1058 Pages·2017·18.73 MB·English

by  Ofer Aluf

Ofer Aluf
Microwave RF Antennas
and Circuits
Nonlinearity Applications in Engineering
123
Ofer Aluf
Netanya
Israel
ISBN978-3-319-45425-2 ISBN978-3-319-45427-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-45427-6
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016950418
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Preface
This book on microwave RF circuits: nonlinearity applications in engineering
covers and deals with two separate engineering and scientific areas and what
between. It gives advance analysis methods for Microwave RF Circuits which
representmany applicationsinengineering.MicrowaveRFCircuitscome inmany
topologicalstructuresandrepresentmanyspecificimplementationswhichstandthe
targetengineeringfeatures.MicrowaveRFCircuitsincludeRFIDantennasystems,
microwave elements, microwave semiconductor amplifiers, small-signal
(SS) amplifiers and matching networks, power amplifiers, oscillators, filters,
antennae systems, and high-power transistor circuit. The basic Microwave RF
Circuits can be characterized by some models and the associated equations. The
Microwave RF Circuits include RFID ICs and antennas, microstrip, circulators,
cylindricalRFnetworkantennas,tunneldiode(TD),bipolartransistors,field-effect
transistors, IMPATT amplifiers, small-signal (SS) amplifiers, Bias-T circuits, PIN
diode,poweramplifiers,LNAs,oscillators,resonators,filters,N-turnantennae,dual
spiral coils antennae, Helix antennas, linear dipole and slot array, and hybrid
translinear circuit. The Microwave RF Circuits analyze as linear and nonlinear
dynamical systems and their dynamics under parameter variations. This book is
aimed at newcomers to linear and nonlinear dynamics and chaos Microwave RF
Circuits. The presentation stresses analytical and numerical methods, concrete
examples, and geometric intuition. The Microwave RF Circuits analysis is devel-
oped systematically, starting with first-order differential equations and their bifur-
cation,followedbyphaseplaneanalysis,limitcyclesandtheirbifurcations,chaos,
iterated maps, period doubling, renormalization, and strange attractors.
Additionally, the book is dealt with delayed Microwave RF Circuits which char-
acterized by overall variables delayed with time. Each variable has specific delay
parameter and can be inspected for dynamics. More realistic Microwave RF
Circuits models should include some of the past states of Microwave RF Circuits
and systems; that is, ideally, a real Microwave RF Circuits should be modeled by
differential equations with time delays. The use of delay differential equations
(DDEs) in the modeling of Microwave RF Circuits dynamics is currently very
active, largely due to progress achieved in the understanding of the dynamics of
v
vi Preface
several classes of delayed differential equations and Microwave RF Circuits and
systems.Thisbookisdesignedforadvancedundergraduateorgraduatestudentsin
electronics, RF and electronic engineering, physics, and mathematics who are
interestedinMicrowaveRF Circuits dynamicsandinnovativeanalysismethods.It
isalso addressedtoelectrical andRFengineers, physicsexpertsandresearchersin
physics, electronics, engineering and mathematics who use dynamical systems as
modeling tools in their studies. Therefore, only a moderate mathematical and
electronic semiconductor background in geometry, linear algebra, analysis, and
differential equations is required. Each chapter includes various Microwave RF
Circuits drawing and their equivalent analyses circuits. Microwave RF Circuits
fixed points and stability analysis done by using much estimation. Various bifur-
cations of Microwave RF Circuits are discussed.
Inthisbook,wetrytoprovidethereaderwithexplicitproceduresforapplication
of general Microwave RF Circuits mathematical representations to particular
research problems. Special attention is given to numerical implementation of the
developed techniques.
Let us briefly characterize the content of each chapter.
Chapter1.RFIDAntennaSystemsDescriptionsandAnalysis.Inthischapter,
RFIDantennasystemsaredescribedandanalyzed.RFIDisadedicatedshort-range
communication (DCRC) technology. RFID system consists of an antenna and a
transceiver, which read the radio frequency, and transfers the information to a
processingdevice(reader)andatransponder,orRFIDtag.ActiveRFIDtagsystem
includes energy source (battery), and it consumes energy. The active RFID tag
systemisanalyzedasanexcitablelinearbifurcationsystem.RFIDtag-dimensional
parameters are optimized to get the best performances. Under delayed electro-
magnetic interferences, there are delays in some RFID tag coil variables and we
analyze it for stability optimization. There is a unique structure of RFID system,
semi-passive RFID tags with double-loop antennae arranged as a shifted gate. The
structure is optimized under delayed electromagnetic interferences. RFID tag
detectorcircuitisimplementedbyusingschottkydiode,andstabilityisanalyzedfor
parameter values variation. RFID system burst switch is a very important element,
anditsbehaviorintimeisinspected.Theanalysisfillsthegapofanalyticalmethods
forRFIDsystemsanalysis,concreteexamples,andgeometricexamples.Oneofthe
crucialRFIDsystemoptimizationisinelectromagneticenvironmentalwhichfaced
RFID system variables delay in time. In some cases, RFID system can be repre-
sentedasdelayeddifferentialequations,whichdependsonvariableparametersand
delays. There are practical guidelines that combine graphical information with
analytical work to effectively study the local stability of RFID system models
involving delay-dependent parameters.
Chapter 2. Microwave Element Description and Stability Analysis. In this
chapter, microwave element stability is discussed. There are three types of
microwave circuits which include microwave elements. The first is a discrete cir-
cuit, packaged diodes/transistors mounted in coax and waveguide assemblies. The
second is Hybrid MIC (microwave integrated circuit), diodes/transistors and
microstrip fabricated separately and then assembled. The third is MMIC
Preface vii
(monolithic microwave integrated circuit), diodes, transistors, and microstrip
circuits, and other circuit elements, such as lumped capacitors and resistors, which
have parasitic effects influenced on overall system stability behavior. Microwave
transmission lines are delayed in time and are integral part of power limiter; the
stability is inspected for optimization. Reflection-type phase shifter (RTPS)
employsa circulator. The RTPS circuit includes microstrip transmission lines with
three-port active circulator and analyzes for stability optimization under time
delayed. Cylindrical RF network antennas for coupled plasma sources include
copperlegs.Theyrunaslarge-volumeplasmasourcesandhavestabilityswitching
due to system’s copper leg parasitic effects. Tunnel diode (TD) is the p-n junction
device that exhibits negative resistance. Tunnel diode (TD) can be a microwave
oscillator.TransientisintheresonantcavityafterturningthebiasvoltageON.The
resonant circuit with NDR can oscillate. The Tunnel diode (TD) microwave
oscillatorhasparasiticeffectsintimeanddelayvariables.Thestabilityisoptimized
when implementing tunnel diode (TD) in microwave oscillator.
Chapter 3. Microwave Semiconductor Amplifiers Analysis. In this chapter,
microwave semiconductor amplifier circuit analysis is discussed. Microwave
semiconductor amplifiers are widely used, and stability analysis is needed.
Microwave semiconductors can be bipolar transistors which operate at microwave
frequencies, and microwave field-effect transistors (FETs) minimize the adverse
effects of transit time and internal capacitance and resistance, IMPATT
(impact-ionization avalanche transit time) amplifier which widely used at the high
end of the microwave band. Stability of these microwave amplifiers is affected by
internalparametervariationandcircuitmicrostripparasiticeffects.IMPATTdiodes
which are a form of high-power diode are used in high-frequency electronic and
microwavedevices.FET-combinedbiasingandmatchingcircuithasmanystability
issues which must be taken for every RF design, and analysis is done for best
performances.
Chapter 4. Small Signal (SS) Amplifiers and Matching Network Stability
Analysis. In this chapter, small-signal (SS) amplifiers and matching network
structures are analyzed for best performances. There are some types of amplifiers.
Amplifiers types are zero-frequency amplifiers (DC amplifiers), low-frequency
amplifiers (audio amplifiers), and high-frequency amplifiers (RF amplifiers).
Amplifiers come in three basic flavors: common base (CB) amplifiers, common
collector(CC)amplifiers,andcommonemitter(CE)amplifiers.Itdependswhether
the base, collector, or emitter is common to both the input and output of the
amplifier. When an amplifier’s output impedance matches the load impedance,
maximum power istransferred to the load and all reflections areeliminated. When
an amplifier’s output impedance unmatched the load impedance, there are reflec-
tions andless than maximum power istransferredtothe load. There areinstability
behaviors in these three types of amplifiers caused by circuit microstrip delays in
timeparasiticeffects.WeuseRFmatchingnetworkinourdesign.Therearetypical
amplifiers matching networks: L matching network, T matching network, and PI
matching network. In design of microwave matching network, device parasitic
effects of length on RF circuit matching and stability. Bias-T three-port network
viii Preface
also suffers from instability under delayed microstrip in time. A PIN diode is
suitable for many applications and operates under high level of injection. The PIN
diode suffers from instability under parameter variations.
Chapter 5. Power Amplifier (PA) System Stability Analysis. In this chapter,
power amplifiers (PAs) are analyzed for best performances, and stability was also
discussed. Large-signal or power amplifiers (PAs) are used in the output stages of
audio amplifier systems to derive a load speaker. There are different types
of amplifiers which classified according to their circuit configurations and method
ofoperation.Theclassificationofamplifiersrangedfromlinearoperationwithvery
low efficiency to nonlinear operation but with a much higher efficiency, while
others are a compromise between the two. There are two basic amplifier class
groups.The first arethe classically controlledconductionangle amplifiers forming
themorecommonamplifierclasses(A,B,AB,andC).Thesecondsetofamplifiers
are the newer so-called switching amplifier classes (D, E, F, G, S, T). The most
commonly structured amplifier classes are those that are the most common type of
amplifier class mainly due totheir simple design.We analyzethestabilityofthese
amplifiers byinspecting theequivalent circuitdifferential equations.BJTtransistor
is replaced by large-signal model in our analysis. The BJT model is known as the
Gummel–Poon model. The Ebers–Moll BJT model is a good large signal. We use
nonlineardynamicinouranalysisforamplifiersthatfeedbyinputs/outputsexceed
certainlimits.LNAsareusedinmanymicrowaveandRFapplications.Weanalyze
the stability of wideband low-noise amplifier (LNA) with negative feedback under
circuit’s parameter variation.
Chapter 6. Microwave/RF Oscillator Systems Stability Analysis. In this
chapter,ouroscillatorsystemsarediscussedandtheirstabilitybehaviorisanalyzed.
Oscillators can be classified into two types: relaxation and harmonic oscillators.
A microwave oscillator is an active device to generate power and a resonator to
control the frequency of the microwave signal. Important issues in oscillators are
frequencystability, frequencytuning,andphase noise.Aphase-shiftoscillatorisa
linear electronic oscillator circuit that produces a sine wave output. The feedback
network “shifts” the phase of the amplifier output by 180° at the oscillation fre-
quency to give positive feedback, total phase shift of 360°. Phase-shift resonator
circuit stability analysis is done by considering BJT small-signal (SS) equivalent
circuit model. Closed-loop functioning oscillator can be viewed as feedback sys-
tem. The oscillation is sustained by feeding back a fraction of the output signal,
using an amplifier to gain the signal, and then injecting the energy back into the
tank.Closed-loopfunctioningoscillatorstabilityisinspectedandanalyze.Thereare
types of transistor oscillators which use feedback and lumped inductance and
capacitance resonators. There are three types of transistor LC oscillators, Colpitts,
Hartley, and Clapp. In the Hartley oscillator, the feedback is supplied by the
inductive divider formed by two inductors. We apply the stability criterion of
Liapunov to our system. Colpitts oscillator is the same as Hertley oscillator and
instead of using a tapped inductance, Colpitts oscillator uses a tapped capacitance.
Colpitts oscillator circuit stability analysis is done by criterion of Liapunov.
Preface ix
Chapter 7. Filter Systems Stability Analysis. In this chapter, filter systems in
manycircuitsareinspectedfordynamicalbehaviorandstabilityanalysis.Thetarget
ofanalogandRFfilteringistomodifythemagnitudeandphaseofsignalfrequency
components.Manyanalogorradiofrequency(RF)circuitsperformfilteringonthe
signals passing through them. The analog and RF filter types are defined on the
criteria how they modify the magnitude and/or phase of sinusoidal frequency
components.MicrowaveandRFfilterspassarangeoffrequenciesandrejectother
frequencies. A diplexer is a passive device that implements frequency-domain
multiplexing. Two ports are multiplexed onto a third port. A diplexer multiplexes
two ports onto one port, but more than two parts may be multiplexed. We analyze
BPF diplexer circuit stability by using geometric stability switch criteria in delay
differential systems. A diplexer filters to pass two bands to separate ports, and
stability analysis under parameter variation. The standard local stability analysis
about anyoneoftheequilibriumpointsofdual-banddiplexerfilter circuitisdone.
WeusecrystalinplaceofLCfilterforlow-frequencyapplications.Therearelattice
crystalfilter,halflattice,andcascadedhalflatticefilters.Thestandardlocalstability
analysis about any one of the equilibrium point of lattice crystal filter circuit is
done.AtunableBPF employing varactor diodes isidealfor many diverse wireless
applications. There are two types of tunable BPF employing varactor diodes: top
inductively coupled variable BPF and capacitively coupled variable band-pass
filter. BPF (varactor diodes) circuit involving N variables and stability behavior is
inspected.
Chapter 8. Antenna System Stability Analysis. In this chapter, we discussed
various antenna systems and behaviors for different conditions for best perfor-
mances. An antenna is a conductor or group of conductors used for radiating
electromagneticenergyintospaceorcollectingelectromagneticenergyfromspace.
There are many types of antennas and we discussed those antennas that operate at
microwave frequencies. Microwave refer to radio waves with wavelength ranging
from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter with frequencies between
300 MHz and 300 GHz. Another antenna area is for RFID applications.
A complete RFID system includes RFID reader and transponder units. N-turn
multilayercircular-coilantennascanbeintegratedwithRFIDICforcompleteRFID
tags. We investigate the system stability optimization under delayed electromag-
netic interference and parasitic effects. The system is constructed from two
antennas: each one N-turn multilayer circular antenna. The standard local stability
analysisaboutanyoneoftheequilibriumpoints(fixedpoints)ofN-turnmultilayer
circular-coilantennaRFIDsystemisdone.Weanalyzecircuitstabilitywherethere
is a delay in the first and second RFIDs’ N-turn multilayer-coil antenna voltages
andantennavoltagederivatives.Adouble-rectangularspiralantennaisconstructed
from two antennas, each antenna is a rectangular spiral antenna. Antennas are
connected in series with microstrip line and to the RFID IC. The standard local
stabilityanalysisaboutanyoneoftheequilibriumpointsofRFIDtagswithdouble
rectangular spiral antenna system is done. A system of single-turn square planar
straightthin-filminductorantenna(foursegments)isconstructedfromfourstraight
thin-filminductorswhichareconnectedinasingle-turnsquarestructure.Thereare
x Preface
delays in time for the microstrip line parasitic effects, and stability switching is
inspected for different values of delay variables. A helical antenna is an antenna
consistingofaconductingwirewoundintheformofahelix.Thehelicalantennas
are mounted over a ground plane. Helical antennas can operate in one of two
principal modes: normal mode or axial mode. Helix antenna system stability is
inspected under parameter variation.
Chapter 9. Microwave RF Antennas and Circuits Bifurcation Behavior,
Investigation, Comparison and Conclusion. In this chapter, we summarized the
main topics regarding microwave and RF antennas and systems, inspect behavior,
dynamics, stability, comparison, and conclusion. Microwave RF antennas are an
integral part of every RF or microwave system. An antenna is an electrical device
which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice versa. In many wireless
applications, antennas are required by radio receiver or transmitter to couple its
electricalconnectiontotheelectromagneticfield.Whenweinspectsystemstability
whichincludesradiowaves,weinspectelectromagneticwaveswhichcarrysignals
through the space (or air) at the speed of light with almost no transmission loss.
There are mainly two categories of antennas. The first is omnidirectional antenna
which receives and/or radiates in all directions. The second is directional antenna
which radiates in a particular direction or pattern. Antennas are characterized by a
number of parameters, radiation pattern, and the resulting gain. Antenna’s gain is
dependentonitspowerinthehorizontaldirections,andantenna’spowergaintakes
into account the antenna’s efficiency (figure of merit). The physical size of an
antenna is a practical issue, particularly at lower frequencies. Stability analysis
includes a complete RF system with antennas and matching networks.
Netanya, Israel Ofer Aluf
Contents
1 RFID Antennas Systems Descriptions and Analysis. .... ..... .... 1
1.1 Active RFID TAGs System Analysis of Energy Consumption
as Excitable Linear Bifurcation System .... .... .... ..... .... 2
1.2 RFID TAG’s Dimensional Parameters Optimization
as Excitable Linear Bifurcation Systems.... .... .... ..... .... 14
1.3 RFID TAGs Coil’s System Stability Optimization Under
Delayed Electromagnetic Interferences. .... .... .... ..... .... 22
1.4 Semi-Passive RFID Tags with Double Loop Antennas
Arranged as a Shifted Gate System for Stability
Optimization Under Delayed Electromagnetic Interferences.. .... 44
1.5 RFID TAGs Detectors Stability Analysis Under Delayed
Schottky Diode’s Internal Elements in Time .... .... ..... .... 72
1.6 RFID System Burst Switch Stability Analysis Under
Delayed Internal Diode Circuitry Parasitic Effects in Time... .... 104
Exercises... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 144
2 Microwave Elements Description and Stability Analysis . ..... .... 155
2.1 Microstrip Transmission Lines Delayed in Time Power
Limiters Stability Analysis.. .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 156
2.2 Three Ports Active Circulator’s Reflection Type Phase
Shifter (RTPS) Circuit Transmission Lines Delayed
in Time System Stability Analysis .... .... .... .... ..... .... 171
2.3 Cylindrical RF Network Antennas for Coupled Plasma
Sources Copper Legs Delayed in Time System Stability
Analysis ... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 196
2.4 Tunnel Diode (TD) as a Microwave Oscillator System
Cavity Parasitic Elements Stability Analysis. .... .... ..... .... 221
Exercises... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 267
xi
xii Contents
3 Microwave Semiconductor Amplifiers Analysis. .... .... ..... .... 279
3.1 Bipolar Transistor at Microwave Frequencies Description
and Stability Analysis. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 279
3.2 Field Effect Transistor (FETs) at Microwave Frequencies
Description. .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 299
3.3 Field Effect Transistor (FETs) at Microwave Frequencies
Stability Analysis.... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 318
3.4 IMPATT Amplifier Stability Analysis . .... .... .... ..... .... 333
3.5 Multistage IMPATT Amplifier System Microstrip Delayed
in Time Stability Switching Analysis.. .... .... .... ..... .... 373
3.6 FET Combined Biasing and Matching Circuit Stability
Analysis ... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 382
Exercises... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 392
4 Small Signal (SS) Amplifiers and Matching Network
Stability Analysis.... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 405
4.1 Small Signal (SS) Amplifiers and Matching Network.. ..... .... 406
4.2 Small Signal (SS) Amplifiers PI & T’s Matching Network
and Transformation... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 422
4.3 Small Signal (SS) Amplifiers Matching Network Stability
Analysis Under Microstrip Parasitic Parameters Variation ... .... 435
4.4 Bias—T Three Port Network Stability Switching Under
Delayed Micro Strip in Time .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 460
4.5 PIN Diode Stability Analysis Under Parameters Variation... .... 489
Exercises... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 501
5 Power Amplifier (PA) System Stability Analysis.... .... ..... .... 513
5.1 Class AB Push-Pull Power Amplifiers Stability Analysis
Under Parameters Variation . .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 514
5.2 Class C Power Amplifier (PA) with Parallel Resonance
Circuit Stability Analysis Under Parameters Variation . ..... .... 528
5.3 Single Ended Class B Amplifier Gummel-Poon Model
Analysis Under Parameters Variation.. .... .... .... ..... .... 559
5.4 Wideband Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) with Negative
Feedback Circuit Stability Analysis Under Circuit’s
Parameters Variation.. ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 573
Exercises... .... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 587
6 Microwave/RF Oscillator Systems Stability Analysis .... ..... .... 601
6.1 A Resonator Circuit 180° Phase Shift from Its Input
to Output Stability Analysis Under Delayed Variables
in Time.... .... .... ..... .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 602
6.2 Closed Loop Functioning Oscillator Stability Analysis
Under Parameters Variations .... .... .... .... .... ..... .... 617