Microwave and RF Engineering

893 Pages·2009·11.151 MB·English

by  Sorrentino R., Bianchi G.

Microwave and RF Engineering
Microwave and RF Engineering Roberto Sorrentino and Giovanni Bianchi
© 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-75862-5
Wiley Series in Microwave and Optical Engineering
KAICHANG,Editor
TexasA&MUniversity
FIBER-OPTICCOMMUNICATIONSYSTEMS,ThirdEdition,GovindP.Agrawal
ASYMMETRICPASSIVECOMPONENTSINMICROWAVEINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS,
Hee-RanAhn
COHERENTOPTICALCOMMUNICATIONSSYSTEMS,SilvelloBetti,GiancarloDeMarchis,and
EugenioIannone
PHASEDARRAYANTENNAS:FLOQUETANALYSIS,SYNTHESIS,BFNs,ANDACTIVE
ARRAYSYSTEMS,ArunK.Bhattacharyya
HIGH-FREQUENCYELECTROMAGNETICTECHNIQUES:RECENTADVANCESAND
APPLICATIONS,AsokeK.Bhattacharyya
RADIOPROPAGATIONANDADAPTIVEANTENNASFORWIRELESSCOMMUNICATION
LINKS:TERRESTRIAL,ATMOSPHERIC,ANDIONOSPHERIC,NathanBlaunsteinandChristos
G.Christodoulou
COMPUTATIONALMETHODSFORELECTROMAGNETICSANDMICROWAVES,RichardC.
Booton,Jr.
ELECTROMAGNETICSHIELDING,SalvatoreCelozzi,RodolfoAraneo,andGiampieroLovat
MICROWAVERINGCIRCUITSANDANTENNAS,KaiChang
MICROWAVESOLID-STATECIRCUITSANDAPPLICATIONS,KaiChang
RFANDMICROWAVEWIRELESSSYSTEMS,KaiChang
RFANDMICROWAVECIRCUITANDCOMPONENTDESIGNFORWIRELESSSYSTEMS,
KaiChang,InderBahl,andVijayNair
MICROWAVERINGCIRCUITSANDRELATEDSTRUCTURES,SecondEdition,KaiChangand
Lung-HwaHsieh
MULTIRESOLUTIONTIMEDOMAINSCHEMEFORELECTROMAGNETICENGINEERING,
YinchaoChen,QunshengCao,andRajMittra
HIGHEFFICIENCYRFANDMICROWAVESOLIDSTATEPOWERAMPLIFIERS,
PaoloColantonio,FrancoGianniniandErnestoLimiti
DIODELASERSANDPHOTONICINTEGRATEDCIRCUITS,LarryColdrenandScottCorzine
RADIOFREQUENCYCIRCUITDESIGN,W.AlanDavisandKrishnaAgarwal
MULTICONDUCTORTRANSMISSION-LINESTRUCTURES:MODALANALYSIS
TECHNIQUES,J.A.Branda~oFaria
PHASEDARRAY-BASEDSYSTEMSANDAPPLICATIONS,NickFourikis
FUNDAMENTALSOFMICROWAVETRANSMISSIONLINES,JonC.Freeman
OPTICALSEMICONDUCTORDEVICES,MitsuoFukuda
MICROSTRIPCIRCUITS,FredGardiol
HIGH-SPEEDVLSIINTERCONNECTIONS,SecondEdition,AshokK.Goel
FUNDAMENTALSOFWAVELETS:THEORY,ALGORITHMS,ANDAPPLICATIONS,JaidevaC.
GoswamiandAndrewK.Chan
HIGH-FREQUENCYANALOGINTEGRATEDCIRCUITDESIGN,RavenderGoyal(ed.)
ANALYSISANDDESIGNOFINTEGRATEDCIRCUITANTENNAMODULES,K.C.Guptaand
PeterS.Hall
PHASEDARRAYANTENNAS,R.C.Hansen
STRIPLINECIRCULATORS,JosephHelszajn
THESTRIPLINECIRCULATOR:THEORYANDPRACTICE,JosephHelszajn
LOCALIZEDWAVES,HugoE.Herna(cid:1)ndez-Figueroa,MichelZamboni-Rached,andErasmoRecami(eds.)
MICROSTRIPFILTERSFORRF/MICROWAVEAPPLICATIONS,Jia-ShengHongand
M.J.Lancaster
MICROWAVEAPPROACHTOHIGHLYIRREGULARFIBEROPTICS,HuangHung-Chia
NONLINEAROPTICALCOMMUNICATIONNETWORKS,EugenioIannone,FrancescoMatera,
AntonioMecozzi,andMarinaSettembre
FINITEELEMENTSOFTWAREFORMICROWAVEENGINEERING,TatsuoItoh,GiuseppePelosi,
andPeterP.Silvester(eds.)
INFRAREDTECHNOLOGY:APPLICATIONSTOELECTROOPTICS,PHOTONICDEVICES,
ANDSENSORS,A.R.Jha
SUPERCONDUCTORTECHNOLOGY:APPLICATIONSTOMICROWAVE,ELECTRO-OPTICS,
ELECTRICALMACHINES,ANDPROPULSIONSYSTEMS,A.R.Jha
OPTICALCOMPUTING:ANINTRODUCTION,M.A.KarimandA.S.S.Awwal
INTRODUCTIONTOELECTROMAGNETICANDMICROWAVEENGINEERING,PaulR.
Karmel,GabrielD.Colef,andRaymondL.Camisa
MILLIMETERWAVEOPTICALDIELECTRICINTEGRATEDGUIDESANDCIRCUITS,Shiban
K.Koul
ADVANCEDINTEGRATEDCOMMUNICATIONMICROSYSTEMS,JoyLaskar,Sudipto
Chakraborty,ManosTentzeris,FranklinBien,andAnh-VuPham
MICROWAVEDEVICES,CIRCUITSANDTHEIRINTERACTION,CharlesA.LeeandG.Conrad
Dalman
ADVANCESINMICROSTRIPANDPRINTEDANTENNAS,Kai-FongLeeandWeiChen(eds.)
SPHEROIDALWAVEFUNCTIONSINELECTROMAGNETICTHEORY,Le-WeiLi,Xiao-Kang
Kang,andMook-SengLeong
ARITHMETICANDLOGICINCOMPUTERSYSTEMS,MiLu
OPTICALFILTERDESIGNANDANALYSIS:ASIGNALPROCESSINGAPPROACH,ChristiK.
MadsenandJianH.Zhao
THEORYANDPRACTICEOFINFRAREDTECHNOLOGYFORNONDESTRUCTIVE
TESTING,XavierP.V.Maldague
METAMATERIALSWITHNEGATIVEPARAMETERS:THEORY,DESIGN,ANDMICROWAVE
APPLICATIONS,RicardoMarque(cid:1)s,FerranMartı´n,andMarioSorolla
OPTOELECTRONICPACKAGING,A.R.Mickelson,N.R.Basavanhally,andY.C.Lee(eds.)
OPTICALCHARACTERRECOGNITION,ShunjiMori,HirobumiNishida,andHiromitsuYamada
ANTENNASFORRADARANDCOMMUNICATIONS:APOLARIMETRICAPPROACH,
HaroldMott
INTEGRATEDACTIVEANTENNASANDSPATIALPOWERCOMBINING,JulioA.Navarroand
KaiChang
ANALYSISMETHODSFORRF,MICROWAVE,ANDMILLIMETER-WAVEPLANAR
TRANSMISSIONLINESTRUCTURES,CamNguyen
FREQUENCYCONTROLOFSEMICONDUCTORLASERS,MotoichiOhtsu(ed.)
WAVELETSINELECTROMAGNETICSANDDEVICEMODELING,GeorgeW.Pan
OPTICALSWITCHING,GeorgiosPapadimitriou,ChrisoulaPapazoglou,andAndreasS.
Pomportsis
SOLARCELLSANDTHEIRAPPLICATIONS,LarryD.Partain(ed.)
Acompletelistofthetitlesinthisseriesappearsattheendofthisvolume.
ANALYSISOFMULTICONDUCTORTRANSMISSIONLINES,ClaytonR.Paul
INTRODUCTIONTOELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITY,SecondEdition,ClaytonR.Paul
ADAPTIVEOPTICSFORVISIONSCIENCE:PRINCIPLES,PRACTICES,DESIGNAND
APPLICATIONS,JasonPorter,HopeQueener,JuliannaLin,KarenThorn,andAbdulAwwal(eds.)
ELECTROMAGNETICOPTIMIZATIONBYGENETICALGORITHMS,YahyaRahmat-Samiiand
EricMichielssen(eds.)
INTRODUCTIONTOHIGH-SPEEDELECTRONICSANDOPTOELECTRONICS,LeonardM.
Riaziat
NEWFRONTIERSINMEDICALDEVICETECHNOLOGY,AryeRosenandHarelRosen(eds.)
ELECTROMAGNETICPROPAGATIONINMULTI-MODERANDOMMEDIA,HarrisonE.Rowe
ELECTROMAGNETICPROPAGATIONINONE-DIMENSIONALRANDOMMEDIA,
HarrisonE.Rowe
HISTORYOFWIRELESS,TapanK.Sarkar,RobertJ.Mailloux,ArthurA.Oliner,Magdalena
Salazar-Palma,andDipakL.Sengupta
PHYSICSOFMULTIANTENNASYSTEMSANDBROADBANDPROCESSING,TapanK.Sarkar,
MagdalenaSalazar-Palma,andEricL.Mokole
SMARTANTENNAS,TapanK.Sarkar,MichaelC.Wicks,MagdalenaSalazar-Palma,and
RobertJ.Bonneau
NONLINEAROPTICS,E.G.Sauter
APPLIEDELECTROMAGNETICSANDELECTROMAGNETICCOMPATIBILITY,DipakL.
SenguptaandValdisV.Liepa
COPLANARWAVEGUIDECIRCUITS,COMPONENTS,ANDSYSTEMS,RaineeN.Simons
ELECTROMAGNETICFIELDSINUNCONVENTIONALMATERIALSANDSTRUCTURES,
OnkarN.SinghandAkhleshLakhtakia(eds.)
MICROWAVEANDRFENGINEERING,RobertoSorrentinoandGiovanniBianchi
ANALYSISANDDESIGNOFAUTONOMOUSMICROWAVECIRCUITS,AlmudenaSua(cid:1)rez
ELECTRONBEAMSANDMICROWAVEVACUUMELECTRONICS,ShulimE.Tsimring
FUNDAMENTALSOFGLOBALPOSITIONINGSYSTEMRECEIVERS:ASOFTWARE
APPROACH,SecondEdition,JamesBao-yenTsui
RF/MICROWAVEINTERACTIONWITHBIOLOGICALTISSUES,Andre(cid:1)VanderVorst,Arye
Rosen,andYoujiKotsuka
InP-BASEDMATERIALSANDDEVICES:PHYSICSANDTECHNOLOGY,OsamuWadaand
HidekiHasegawa(eds.)
COMPACTANDBROADBANDMICROSTRIPANTENNAS,Kin-LuWong
DESIGNOFNONPLANARMICROSTRIPANTENNASANDTRANSMISSIONLINES,
Kin-LuWong
PLANARANTENNASFORWIRELESSCOMMUNICATIONS,Kin-LuWong
FREQUENCYSELECTIVESURFACEANDGRIDARRAY,T.K.Wu(ed.)
ACTIVEANDQUASI-OPTICALARRAYSFORSOLID-STATEPOWERCOMBINING,RobertA.
YorkandZoyaB.Popovic’(eds.)
OPTICALSIGNALPROCESSING,COMPUTINGANDNEURALNETWORKS,FrancisT.S.Yu
andSugandaJutamulia
SiGe,GaAs,ANDInPHETEROJUNCTIONBIPOLARTRANSISTORS,JiannYuan
ELECTRODYNAMICSOFSOLIDSANDMICROWAVESUPERCONDUCTIVITY,Shu-AngZhou
Microwave and RF Engineering
Roberto Sorrentino
University of Perugia, Italy
Giovanni Bianchi
Verigy Ltd, Bo¨blingen, Germany
Thiseditionfirstpublished2010
(cid:1)2010,JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd
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LibraryofCongressCataloguing-in-PublicationData
Sorrentino,Roberto.
MicrowaveandRFengineering/R.Sorrentino,G.Bianchi.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-75862-5(cloth)
1. Microwavedevices.2. Radio–Transmittersandtransmission. I.Bianchi,Giovanni.II.Title.
TK7876.S6662010
621.381’3–dc22
2009051049
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:978-0-470-75862-5(Hbk)
Setin9/11pt,TimesRomanbyThomsonDigital,Noida,India
PrintedinSingaporebyMarkonoPrintMediaPteLtd
Contents
About the Authors xv
Preface xvii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Microwavesandradiofrequencies 1
1.2 Frequencybands 4
1.3 Applications 6
Bibliography 8
2 Basicelectromagnetictheory 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Maxwell’sequations 9
2.3 Time-harmonicEMfields;polarizationofavector 12
2.4 Maxwell’sequationsintheharmonicregime 14
2.5 Boundaryconditions 15
2.6 EnergyandpoweroftheEMfield;Poynting’stheorem 17
2.7 Somefundamentaltheorems 19
2.7.1 Uniquenesstheorem 19
2.7.2 Lorentz’sreciprocitytheorem 19
2.7.3 Love’sequivalencetheorem 20
2.8 Planewaves 21
2.9 Solutionofthewaveequationinrectangularcoordinates 22
2.9.1 Planewaves:analternativederivation 24
2.9.2 TEMwaves 25
2.9.3 TEandTMwaves 26
2.10 Reflectionandtransmissionofplanewaves;Snel’slaws 27
2.10.1 Snel’slaws;totalreflection 28
2.10.2 Reflectionandtransmission(Fresnel’s)coefficients 31
2.10.3 Reflectionfromaconductingplane 34
2.11 Electrodynamicpotentials 36
Bibliography 38
3 GuidedEMpropagation 39
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Cylindricalstructures;solutionofMaxwell’sequationsas
TE,TMandTEMmodes 41
3.3 Modesofpropagationastransmissionlines 48
3.4 Transmissionlinesas1-Dcircuits 52
3.5 Phasevelocity,groupvelocityandenergyvelocity 55
3.6 Propertiesofthetransversemodalvectorset,ht;fieldexpansion
inawaveguide 57
3.7 Loss,attenuationandpowerhandlinginrealwaveguides 59
viii CONTENTS
3.8 Therectangularwaveguide 61
3.9 Theridgewaveguide 67
3.10 Thecircularwaveguide 68
3.11 Thecoaxialcable 72
3.12 Theparallel-platewaveguide 74
3.13 Thestripline 76
3.14 Themicrostripline 78
3.14.1 Theplanarwaveguidemodel 82
3.15 Thecoplanarwaveguide 82
3.16 Coupledlines 84
3.16.1 BasicprinciplesforEManalysis 85
3.16.2 Equivalentcircuitmodelling 86
Bibliography 88
4 Microwavecircuits 91
4.1 Introduction 91
4.2 Microwavecircuitformulation 91
4.3 Terminatedtransmissionlines 94
4.4 TheSmithchart 97
4.5 Powerflow 105
4.6 Matrixrepresentations 109
4.6.1 Theimpedancematrix 109
4.6.2 Theadmittancematrix 110
4.6.3 TheABCDorchainmatrix 111
4.6.4 Thescatteringmatrix 112
4.7 Circuitmodelofatransmissionlinesection 119
4.8 Shiftingthereferenceplanes 123
4.9 Loadedtwo-portnetwork 124
4.10 Matrixdescriptionofcoupledlines 125
4.11 Matchingofcoupledlines 126
4.12 Two-portnetworksusingcoupled-linesections 127
Bibliography 129
5 Resonatorsandcavities 131
5.1 Introduction 131
5.2 Theresonantcondition 131
5.3 QualityfactororQ 134
5.4 Transmissionlineresonators 136
5.5 Planarresonators 139
5.6 Cavityresonators 142
5.7 ComputationoftheQfactorofacavityresonator 144
5.8 Dielectricresonators 146
5.9 ExpansionofEMfields 147
5.9.1 Helmholtz’stheorem 148
5.9.2 Electricandmagneticeigenvectors 148
5.9.3 GeneralsolutionofMaxwell’sequationsinacavity 153
5.9.4 Resonancesinidealclosedcavities 154
5.9.5 Thecavitywithoneortwooutputs 155
5.9.6 Excitationofcavityresonators 157
Bibliography 161
CONTENTS ix
6 Impedancematching 163
6.1 Introduction 163
6.2 Fano’sbound 163
6.3 Quarter-wavelengthtransformer 165
6.4 Multi-sectionquarter-wavelengthtransformers 167
6.4.1 Thebinomialtransformer 171
6.4.2 Chebyshevpolynomials;theChebyshevtransformer 172
6.5 Lineandstubtransformers;stubtuners 178
6.6 LumpedLnetworks 180
Bibliography 185
Simulationfiles 185
7 Passivemicrowavecomponents 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Matchedloads 187
7.3 Movableshortcircuit 188
7.4 Attenuators 190
7.5 Fixedphaseshifters 193
7.5.1 Loaded-linephaseshifters 193
7.5.2 Reflection-typephaseshifters 194
7.6 Junctionsandinterconnections 195
7.6.1 Guide-to-coaxialcabletransition 198
7.6.2 Coaxial-to-microstriptransition 203
7.7 Dividersandcombiners 204
7.7.1 TheWilkinsondivider 205
7.7.2 Hybridjunctions 209
7.7.3 Directionalcouplers 211
7.8 Lumpedelementrealizations 221
7.9 Multi-beamformingnetworks 223
7.9.1 TheButlermatrix 224
7.9.2 TheBlassmatrix 225
7.9.3 TheRotmanlens 227
7.10 Non-reciprocalcomponents 230
7.10.1 Isolator 232
7.10.2 Circulator 232
Bibliography 234
Simulationfiles 235
8 Microwavefilters 237
8.1 Introduction 237
8.2 Definitions 237
8.3 Lowdpassprototype 239
8.3.1 Butterworthfilters 240
8.3.2 Chebyshevfilters 240
8.3.3 Cauerfilters 244
8.3.4 Synthesisofthelowdpassprototype 245
8.4 Semi-lumpedlowdpassfilters 250
8.5 Frequencytransformations 254
8.5.1 Lowdpasstohighpasstransformation 255
8.5.2 Lowdpasstobandpasstransformation 257
x CONTENTS
8.5.3 Lowdpasstobandstoptransformation 260
8.5.4 Richardstransformation 261
8.6 Kurodaidentities 264
8.7 Immittanceinverters 267
8.7.1 Filterswithline-coupledshort-circuitstubs 273
8.7.2 Parallel-coupledfilters 277
8.7.3 Comb-linefilters 281
Bibliography 286
Simulationfiles 286
9 Basicconceptsformicrowavecomponentdesign 289
9.1 Introduction 289
9.2 Cascadedlineartwo-portnetworks 289
9.3 Signalflowgraphs 302
9.4 Noiseintwo-portnetworks 303
9.4.1 Noisesources 303
9.4.2 Representationofnoisytwo-portnetworks 305
9.4.3 Noisefigureandnoisefactor 306
9.4.4 Noisefactorofcascadednetworks 313
9.4.5 Noisebandwidth 314
9.5 Nonlineartwo-portnetworks 316
9.5.1 Harmonicandintermodulationproducts 317
9.5.2 Harmonicdistortion 317
9.5.3 Intermodulationdistortion 319
9.5.4 Gaincompression 321
9.5.5 Interceptpoints 326
9.5.6 Saturationandinterceptpointofcascadedtwo-portnetworks 328
9.6 Semiconductorsdevices 334
9.6.1 Basicsemiconductorphysics 334
9.6.2 Junctiondiode 336
9.6.3 Bipolartransistor 338
9.6.4 Junctionfieldeffecttransistor 339
9.6.5 Metaloxidefieldeffecttransistor 340
9.7 Electricalmodelsofhigh-frequencysemiconductordevices 342
9.7.1 Linearmodels 342
9.7.2 Nonlinearsemiconductormodels 348
Bibliography 360
RelatedFiles 360
10 Microwavecontrolcomponents 363
10.1 Introduction 363
10.2 Switches 363
10.2.1 PINdiodeswitches 368
10.2.2 FETswitches 375
10.2.3 MEMSswitches 379
10.2.4 Alternativemulti-portswitchstructures 385
10.3 Variableattenuators 389
10.4 Phaseshifters 400