Microspheres: Medical and Biological Applications (1988) PDF
Preview Microspheres: Medical and Biological Applications (1988)
Micro spheres: Medical and Biological Applications Editors Alan Rembaum, Ph.D. Zoltan A. Tokes, Ph.D. Jet Propulsion Laboratory Associate Professor of Biochemistry California Institute of Technology School of Medicine and Comprehensive Hydrocarbon Institute Career Center Department of Chemistry University of Southern California University of Southern California Los Angeles, California Los Angeles, California First published 1988 by CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 Reissued 2018 by CRC Press © 1988 by Taylor & Francis CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. 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ISBN 13: 978-1-138-50620-6 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978-0-203-71133-0 (ebk) Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com THE EDITORS Alan Rembaun, Ph.D., was born in 1916 in Ciechanow, Poland. In 1936, he went to Paris to study at the University of Sorbonne, and later received his “License es Sciences” from University of Lyon, France. During the Nazi occupation of France, he had to escape to Spain. He was arrested there and later escaped to England where he joined the Polish Liberation Forces. After the war, he came to the U.S. where he received his Ph.D. degree in Chemistry from the Syracuse University of New York in 1956. He joined the faculty at Akron University in Ohio and established himself as a recognized polymer chemist by investigating the polymerization of methyl methacrylate, the chemistry of methyl radicals, polymerization of methyl styrenes, and the electron transfer of siloxanes. In 1959, he went to Princeton University, New Jersey, to study the decomposition of ethyllithium in tetrah- ydrofuran and the cesium initiated diene polymerization and copolymerization. Two years later, at the Jet Propulsion Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, he developed a new class of block polymers, studied the kinetics of anionic polymerization of acena phthylene, and investigated polymeric semiconductors. In collaboration with Drs. Felix Gutman and Allen Hermann, he devised a miniature battery which is now widely used in cardiac pacemakers. In 1970, he started to devote most of his investigation to novel poly electrolytes, microspheres, and to their application to biological problems. He and Dr. William J. Dreyer of California Institute of Technology were involved in the application of latex spheres to study cell surfaces and in the development of immunolatex microspheres for scanning electron microscopy. His early work on the synthesis of magnetic polymeric microspheres of small and uniform size was not only meritorious in its own right in the field of polymer synthesis, but also provided opportunities for interactions with the disciplines of biology and medicine. Dr. Rembaum has published more than 200 scientific papers. He co-authored or edited 5 books and was issued 56 patents. In 1968 and 1984, he received the NASA Gold Medal Award for exceptional scientific achievements and in 1986, after 24 years of service at the Jet Propulsion Laboratories, he received the NASA Career Award which recognized his outstanding scientific and technical contribution. He passed away in June 1986 and will be remembered as a stimulating, tireless, and inspiring scientist by his friends and colleagues. Zoltan A. Tokes, Ph.D., is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at the School of Medicine of the University of Southern California. He was born in 1940 in Budapest, Hungary. His initial encounter with biochemistry was at the Technical School for Fermentation and Food Preservation. In 1957, he came to the U.S. and worked in the field of mucopolysaccharide biosynthesis as a Research Assistant with Drs. Walter Marx and John W. Mehl. He received his B.Sc. degree in Chemistry, from the University of Southern California in 1964 and continued his graduate education at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena. His research was on the cell surface changes with differentiation in Dr. William J. Dreyer’s laboratory. After receiving his Ph.D. in Biochemistry, he joined the University of Malaya in Kuala Lumpur in 1970 as a lecturer, and conducted research on the digestive enzymes of carnivorous plants and on the erythrocyte abnormalities found among the aborigines. In 1972, he joined the Basel Institute for Immunology in Switzerland under the directorship of Dr. Neils K. Jeme. There he continued his research on the bio chemistry of the cell surface and in collaboration with Dr. Hansruedi Kiefer he developed an assay to quantitate the cell surface associated proteolytic activity. He joined the University of Southern California’s Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Department of Biochemistry in 1974. His investigation focuses on the molecular events that take place a the cell surface. Dr. Tokes published more than 50 scientific papers, contriubted 18 books and recieved serveral U.S. patents. Dr. Tokes claims that there is no such thing as a boring moment in his laboratory. His laboratory and co-workers are credited with the successful encapsulation of anthracyclines in liposomes thereby reducing their undesirable host toxicity. They were successful in generating human monoclonal antibodies which preferentially bind to breast cancer cells and developing a membrane directed drug delivery with microspheres. His laboratory was also involved in the characterization of cells surface associated glycoproteins and proteinase inhibitors. Since 1975, Dr. Tokes served as the director of the Cell Culture Core Facility of the USC Comprehensive Cancer Center. This book is gratefully dedicated by Alan Rembaum to his wife Danuta CONTRIBUTORS Wilhelm Ansorge, Ph.D. Emma Fernandez-Repollet Department of Instrumentation Department of Pharmacology European Molecular Biology Laboratory University of Puerto Rico School of Heidelberg, West Germany Medicine San Juan, Puerto Rico Jon Olav Bjdrgum, Cand.real. Research Scientist R. M. Fitch Division of Applied Chemistry Louis Laboratory SINTEF S. C. Johnson & Sons, Inc. Trondheim, Norway Racine, Wisconsin Robert A. Bloodgood, Ph.D. Steinar Funderud, Ph.D. Associate Professor Biochemist Department of Anatomy Apothekemes Laboratory for Special University of Virginia School of Preparaters Medicine The Norwegian Radium Hospital Charlottesville, Virginia Oslo, Norway F. Chae Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Jean Gruenberg, Ph.D. New York, New York Department of Cell Biology European Molecular Biology Laboratory M. Chang Heidelberg, West Germany Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Kathryn E. Howell, Ph.D. Pasadena, California Department of Cell Biology European Molecular Biology Laboratory N. Collins Heidelberg, West Germany Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York N. Kernan Michael Colvin, Ph.D. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Chemist New York, New York Department of Applied Sciences Jet Propulsion Laboratory J. Laver Pasadena, California Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center New York, New York Havard E. Danielsen, M.Sc. Norsk Hydro’s Institute for Cancer K. M. Scholsky Research Louis Laboratory The Norwegian Radium Hospital S.C. Johnson & Sons, Inc. Oslo, Norway Racine, Wisconsin Turid Ellingsen, Dr.ing. Department of Applied Chemistry A. Schwartz SINTEF Flow Cytometry Standards Corporation Trondheim, Norway Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Tor Lea Kevin L. Ross, Ph.D. Department of Immunology and Research Fellow Rheumatology Department of Medical Oncology Rikshospitalet University Hospital City of Hope National Medical Center Oslo, Norway Duarte, California Kjell Nustad, Ph.D. Per Stenstad, Dr.ing. Consultant Research Scientist Central Laboratory Department of Industrial Chemistry The Norwegian Radium Hospital University of Trondheim Oslo, Norway Trondheim, Norway R. O’Reilly Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Sven-Erik Strand, Ph.D. New York, New York Associate Professor Department of Radiation Physics Chris D. Platsoucas, Ph.D. Lund University Department of Immunology Lund, Sweden M.D. Anderson Hospital Houston, Texas Jerome A. Streifel Molecular Biosystems, Inc. Albrecht Reith, Ph.D. San Diego, California Head of Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Morphometry Department of Pathology Zoltan A. Tokes, Ph.D. Norsk Hydro’s Institute for Cancer Associate Professor of Biochemistry Research Comprehensive Cancer Center The Norwegian Radium Hospital University of Southern California School Oslo, Norway of Medicine Los Angeles, California Alan Rembaum, Ph.D. Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology John Ugelstad, Ph.D. Hydrocarbon Institute Professor Department of Chemistry Department of Industrial Chemistry University of Southern California University of Trondheim Los Angeles, California Trondheim, Norway Frode Vartdal, Ph.D. Senior Registrar Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology Rikshospitalet University Hospital Oslo, Norway TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 The Covalent Binding of Enzymes and Immunoglobulins to Hydrophilic Microspheres.. 1 Michael Colvin, Adam Smolka, M. Chang, and Alan Rembaum Chapter 2 Application of Microspheres to Measure Cell Surface Associated Enzyme Activities ... 15 Zoltan A. Tokes Chapter 3 Magnetic Free Flow Immuno-Isolation System Designed for Subcellular Fractionation . 33 Kathryn E. Howell, Wilhelm Ansorge, and Jean Gruenberg Chapter 4 Monodisperse Polymer Particles in Immunoassays and Cell Separation...........................53 Kjeil Nustad, Havard Danielsen, Albrecht Reith, Steinar Funderus, Tor Lea, Frode Vartal, and John Ugelstad Chapter 5 Microspheres and Cell Separation ..........................................................................................77 Jerome A. Streifel Chapter 6 The Use of Magnetic Monosized Polymer Particles for the Removal of T Cells from Human Bone Marrow Cell Suspensions................................................................................................89 Chris D. Platsoucas, F. H. Chae, N. Collins, N. Kernan, J. Laver, T. Ellingsen, P. Stenstad, J. Bjorgum, A. Rembaum, R. A. Good, R. O’Reilly, and J. Ugelstad Chapter 7 Polymer Colloids as Controlled Release Devices..................................................................101 Robert M. Fitch and Kevin M. Scholsky Chapter 8 Targeting of Drug Action to the Cell Surface by Microspheres.........................................123 Kevin Ross and Zoltan A. Tokes Chapter 9 Microspheres and Phagocytosis.................................................................................................139 Emma Fernandez-Repollet and Abraham Schwartz Chapter 10 The Use of Microspheres in the Study of Cell Motility....................................................165 Robert A. Bloodgood Chapter 11 Applications and Characterization of Radiolabeled or Magnetizable Nano- and Micropar ticles for RES, Lymph and Blood Flow Studies................................................................193 Sven-Erik Strand, Lena Andersson, and Lennart Bergquist Index 229 1 Chapter 1 THE COVALENT BINDING OF ENZYMES AND IMMUNOGLOBULINS TO HYDROPHILIC MICROSPHERES M. Colvin, A. Smolka, A. Rembaum, and M. Chang TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract...........................................................................................................................................2 I. Introduction.........................................................................................................................2 II. Methods..............................................................................................................................3 III. Results.................................................................................................................................5 IV. Discussion..........................................................................................................................8 Acknowledgments.........................................................................................................................12 References......................................................................................................................................12
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