Microsoft Word - Chapter- I - Shodhganga

60 Pages·2014·0.22 MB·English

izFke v/;k;

thou ,oa l`tu

dfork ekuo&eu dk jkx gksus ds lkFk gh lkFk ekuo&ân; ,oa ;qx
dk ,d ,slk niZ.k gS ftlesa le;kuqlkj ifjofrZr ekuoh; ,oa ;qxhu psruk
u;s ewY;ksa ,oa iz'uksa ds lkFk izfrfcfEcr gksrh gSA ,oa Js"B dfo ,d lPpk
;qxnz"Vk ,oa lz"Vk gksus ds dkj.k viuh jpukvksa ds ek/;e ls thou&txr~
ds ;FkkFkZ] ewY;] ekuoh; laosnuk ,oa vuqHkwfr dks fpf=r djrk gSA ,sls gh
dfo;ksa esa ,d izeq[k uke eaxys'k Mcjky dk gSA
lu~ 1981 ls fgUnh lkfgR; ds l`tu lalkj esa dfo :i esa nLrd
nsus okys eaxys'k Mcjky dk tUe 16 ekpZ 1948 esa fVgjh x<+oky ftys ds
dkQyikuh xk¡o esa gqvkA dkQyikuh dk ioZrh; izns'k] ogk¡ ds ou] ioZr]
Qwy] jax] >hy] i{kh ,oa izkÑfrd lq"kek ds chp tUesa ,oa iys eaxys'k dk
izÑfr ds lkFk vuk;kl varjax gks tkuk LokHkkfod gSA vius igkM+h izns'k
dk o.kZu Lo;a mudh ok.kh esa fo'ks"k mYys[kuh; gS&
^^dkQyikuh ,d igkM+h xk¡o gS] tgk¡ fnu esa [kwc fnu gksrk gS vkSj
jkr esa [kwc ?kuh jkr FkhA ml ?kuh jkr esa vkleku esa vla[; rkjsa fn[kkbZ
nsrs FksA tc Hkh eSa igkM+ dks ns[krk Fkk] rks igkM+ yka?kus dh bPNk esjs eu
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esa iSnk gksrh FkhA**
eaxys'k dh ek¡ dk uke lR;s'ojh nsoh ,oa firk dk uke Jh fe=kuan
th FkkA eaxys'k ds ifjokj esa izkjEHk ls gh ,d lkaLÑfrd okrkoj.k FkkA
muds nknkth ,oa firk Jh fe=kuan th x<+okyh Hkk"kk esa dfork;sa fy[krs
FksA dfork ds lkFk&lkFk buds firk laxhr] ukVd ,oa vfHku; ls Hkh tqM+s
FksA mUgksaus viuh ,d ukVd eaMyh Hkh cukbZ Fkh] ftlesa gkL;] O;aX; ,oa
lkekftd ;FkkFkZ ls ;qä ukVdksa dk izLrqrhdj.k fd;k tkrk FkkA ifjokj esa
nknkth] ek¡] firk ds vykok mudh ik¡p cgusa Fkh] ftuds uke Øe'k%
Hkqous'ojh] txns'ojh] jkty{eh] ekyrh ,oa clq gSA eaxys'k ds ckyd eu
,oa lewps thou ij mudh ek¡ dk cgqr vf/kd izHkko iM+kA viuh ek¡ ds
ckj esa eaxys'k Lo;a dgrs gS fd& ^^va/kfo'okl] vf'k{kk vkSj igkM+ dh lo.kZ
O;oLFkk esa iyus ds ckotwn ek¡ fdruh vk/kqfud Fkh] bldk izek.k ,d ckj
rc feyk tc esjk ,d Hkrhtk f'koizlkn tks'kh viuh lgikBh] >kj[kaM
fuoklh 'kkfyuh ls vartkZrh; fookg djuk pkgrk FkkA f'koizlkn ?kksj iafMr
tks'kh ifjokj dh larku gS ysfdu ek¡ ml le; igyh O;fä Fkh ftlus bl
fookg dk i{k fy;k vkSj dgk fd bu nksuksa dh tksM+h cf<+;k jgsxhA
fgUnw&eqlyeku] lo.kZ&vo.kZ] czkã.k&vczkã.k dh ckr mldh n`f"V ls
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ges'kk gh ckgj jghA**
eaxys'k dh ek¡ dks QksVks f[kapokus dk cM+k 'kkSd Fkk ,oa taxyh
tho&tarqvksa ds ckjs esa mudh jk; lcdks pfdr djus okyh FkhA ^^taxyksa ls
?kkl ykrs le; mls 'kk;n nks&rhu ckj ck?k Hkh fn[kk Fkk vkSj og dgrh
Fkh fd ck?k rks fcYyh tSlk NksVk gks ldrk gS vkSj vxj mlds ikl iw¡N
ugha gksrh rks og lfduk ¼NksVh ifÙk;ks okyk ,d isM+½ dh iÙkh ds ihNs Hkh
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fNi ldrk gSA**
eaxys'k cpiu ls gh ,d es/kkoh Nk= FksA mudh izkFkfed f'k{kk
dkQyikuh ds izkFkfed fo|ky; esa gqbZ FkhA ikB~;Øe ds vykok le;
fudkydj os fofHkUu iqLrdksa dk v/;;u djus esa :fp j[krs FksA vkBoha
d{kk rd vkrs&vkrs mUgksaus ^dkek;uh*] ^fiz;&izokl* vkSj ^vk¡lw* dks i<+
fy;k FkkA bUgha fnuksa os ys[ku esa Hkh lps"V gq, Fks ;|fi og ckyiu dh
ps"Vk gh Fkh bl ps"Vk esa mUgksaus yxHkx 12&13 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa t;'kadj
izlkn dh dgkuh ^vkdk'knhi* dh paik ls izHkkfor gks paik ds LFkku ij
^in~ek* uke j[k ,d dgkuh fy[kh Fkh] tks ;|fi le; ds izokg esa u"V Hkh
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gks x;h fdUrq blls mudk l`tu ds izfr :>ku izekf.kr gksrk gSA gkbZLdwy
dh i<+kbZ ds fy, os pack vkSj fVgjh uked dLcs esa nkf[ky gks x;sA mPp
f'k{kk ds fy, mUgsa nsgjknwu vkuk iM+kA nsgjknwu ds Mh0 ,0 oh0 dkWyst esa
mUgksaus ch0 ,0 esa izos'k fy;kA xf.kr esa mudh rfud Hkh :fp ugha FkhA
vaxzsth ,oa fgUnh fo"k; esa mudh :fp vkSj idM+ etcwr FkhA
lu~ 1974 esa eaxys'k Mcjky us la;qDrk th ls fookg fd;kA fookg
ds iwoZ la;qDrk th _f"kds'k esa v/;kfidk FkhA fookg ds i'pkr~ mUgksaus
ukSdjh NksM+ nhA la;qDrk th ds ckjs esa eaxys'k Lo;a crkrs gS& ^^eSaus tks
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dqN Hkh ik;k gS] mlesa budh lgu'khyrk dkj.khHkwr gSA**
eaxys'k ds nks vueksy jru gSA iq= ^eksfgr* vkSj iq=h ^vyek* eksfgr
lhfu;j dkWihjkbVj gS] foKkiu cukrs gS vkSj csVh vyek us ,e0,l0lh0
fd;k gSA ^ck;ks buQksfVDl* ls vkSj ^vkQrkjk* uked dEiuh esa] tks fd
,d cqd ifCyflax dEiuh gSa esa ,fMVj ds :i esa dk;Zjr gSA vyek dks
xkus ds lkFk&lkFk 'kkL=h; laxhr dh Hkh vPNh tkudkjh gSA
fdlh Hkh lkfgR;dkj dk O;fäRo mlds thou dh ifjfLFkfr;ks ls
izHkkfor ,oa fufeZr gksrk gSA thouxr ifjfLFkfr;k¡ O;fä ds fopkj] vkn'kZ]
lksp ,oa Hkko dks lapkfyr djrs gS& ^^O;fäRo cuk&cuk;k ugha feyrkA gesa
tks dqN izkIr gksrk gS] og dsoy vfLrRo gSA bl vfLrRo dks thou&;FkkFkZ
ls Vdjkdj ,d fo'ks"k :i izkIr gksrk gS] fdUrq fo'ks"k izfrHkk'kkyh vkSj
psruk&lEiUu O;fä viuh izfrHkk vkSj fopkj] v/;;u vkSj vkRela?k"kZ dh
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izfØ;k esa mls ,d fof'k"V O;fäRo esa cnyrk gSA**
eaxys'k dk O;fäRo Hkh vlk/kkj.k :i ls fof'k"V gS D;ksafd bldk
fuekZ.k thou ;FkkFkZ ds Hk;kog FkisM+ksa ls yxrkj Vdjkdj gqvk gSA vr%
muesa rst] cy] vkst] vkLFkk] vkRecy] vkRela?k"kZ ,oa vijkftr ;ks)k dk
vkRefo'okl Hkh gSA eaxys'k LoHkko ls vR;Ur ljy] lgt] lân;] Hkkoqd
,oa fuHkhZd gSA vU;k; ,oa vlaxr fLFkfr;ksa ls le>kSrk ugha djuk tkurs
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vkSj uk pkgrs gSaA orZeku le; esa tgk¡ prqfnZd Ny] diV] iziap] >wB ,oa
pkykdh vius iSj ilkjs [kM+h gS ogk¡ dfo viuh vkRek dh] lR; dh iqdkj
ij ^'kgj dh yEch nhokj ij* Økafr dk 'ka[kukn djuk pkgrk gSA ftlls
,d u;k ;qx] u;s izdk'k esa Lora=rk] lekurk ds lkFk mUeqä gksdj lk¡ls
ys ldsA
^lcls yach lcls lQs+n nhokj
[kkyh gS bl oDr
bl ij fy[kh tk ldrh gS dksbZ dfork
dy lqcg ds fy, dksbZ lans'k
bl ij ntZ+ fd;k tk ldrk gS
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vxyh yM+kbZ dk ,ykuA**
eaxys'k ds O;fäRo esa lkgfldrk ,oa laosnu'khyrk dk leUo; gSA
lR; dk tks vkSj tSlk lk{kkRdkj os djrs gS mls mruh gh bZekunkjh ,oa
lkgl ds lkFk vfHkO;ä Hkh djrs gSA lu~ 1964 esas eaxys'k ds xk¡o ds ikl
pack] elwjh ds ekxZ ij ,d QyiV~Vh cukbZ x;h FkhA mlds mn~?kkVu dh
fjiksVZ eaxys'k us iwjh fu"i{krk ds lkFk cukbZA Qyr% mlesa dqN ljdkj
fojks/kh ckrsa Hkh Fkh] tks fd LFkkuh; if=dk esa Nih FkhA ijarq eaxys'k mlls
fopfyr ugha gq,A
O;fäRo fuekZ.k esa :fp dk Hkh fo'ks"k gkFk gksrk gSA ys[ku ,oa iBu
ds vykok eaxys'k dh laxhr ,oa xkus esa cgqr :fp gSA os cM+s mRlkg ls
crkrs gS fd ^^eSa fcukdk xhrekyk cgqr lquk djrk FkkA fQYeh xkus
fy[k&fy[k dj Hkstk djrk Fkk ;s vyx ckr gS fd dHkh dksbZ mÙkj ugha
vk;k ijUrq eSa vius fe= Fkfi;ky ds lkFk feydj jktdiqj ds xhr lqurk
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vkSj fy[kdj fQYeh xhr Hkstk djrk FkkA** blds vykok lCth [kjhnuk]
[kkuk cukuk] Mªkbax cukuk Hkh eaxys'k dks cgqr ilan gSA ihyh nky cukus
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esa os ekurs gS fd muls vPNk dksbZ ugha cuk ldrkA nksLrksa ds lkFk xIis
yxkuk Hkh mudh vknr gSA
eaxys'k ds ?kj ,oa ifjokj ij oS| ,oa T;ksfrf"k 'kkL= dk Hkh izHkko
FkkA eaxys'k ds nknkth ,oa firkth nksuksa oS| ,oa T;ksfrf"k ds Kkrk FksA
eaxys'k dh eka dks Hkh vk;qosZfnd ls lEcfU/kr dbZ uke tSls gktek pw.kZ]
Tojkadq'k] na'kj] flrksiykfn pw.kZ vkfn ;kn jgrs FksA T;ksfrf"k ds izHkko dks
muds uke ^eaxys'k* ij Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gSA eaxys'k crkrs gq, dgrs gS
fd& ^^esjk tUe eaxy dh Nk;k esa gqvk Fkk] ftls 'kk;n ekaxfyd dgk
tkrk gS vkSj bl dkj.k esjk uke esjs firk us izkjEHk esa eaxyewfrZ vkSj ckn
esa Ldwy esa eaxys'k j[kkA eaxys'k dk Bhd&Bhd vFkZ eq>s ugha irk ijUrq
dqN bls f'ko] dqN x.ks'k vkSj dqN eaxy ds bZ'k ds :i esa bls ns[krs
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gS---- **
eaxys'k dks cpiu ls gh lkfgR; esa :fp FkhA x| ls viuh
ys[ku&;k=k dh 'kq:vkr djus okys eaxys'k dh dgkuh ys[ku dh dFkk Hkh
vR;Ur jkspd gS& ^^eaxys'k tc nsgjknwu ls fnYyh vk jgs Fks rks jkLrs esa gh
mUgksaus ,d isM+ ds uhps cSBdj ,d dgkuh fy[khA ml dgkuh dks
^lkIrkfgdh* ds fy, Hkst nhA cM+h eqf'dy ls ;g dgkuh LohÑr gks x;h
ysfdu gaxkek [kM+k gks x;k fd bl dgkuh esa v'yhyrk dh xa/k gSA
laiknd euksgj ';ke tks'kh us ,d [kr HkstkA mlesa fy[kk Fkk] vkidh
dgkuh rks cgqr vPNh gS ysfdu bls lkIrkfgdh esa izdV djuk vlEHko gS]
D;ksafd blesa v'yhy o.kZu gq, gSA bl dgkuh dks eSa ^lkfjdk* ds fy, Hkst
jgk gw¡A ^bl izdkj eaxys'k dks fcuk iwNs gh mUgksaus ml dgkuh dks
^lkfjdk* ds fy, Hkst nhA lkfjdk ds lEiknd deys'oj us ml dgkuh dh
iz'kalk dh ysfdu vk'p;Z dh ckr ;g gS fd mUgksaus Hkh ml dgkuh esa ls
mu nks iafDr;ksa dks fudkyuk pkgk tks mudh n`f"V esa v'yhy FkhA blls
eaxys'k dks vk?kkr gqvkA mUgksaus deys'oj dks [kr fy[kk fd ml dgkuh esa
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ls ,d 'kCn Hkh u gVk;k tk,A blh rjg deys'oj vkSj eaxys'k ds chp
i=ksÙkj ds :i esa okn&fookn c<+rk x;kA var esa og dgkuh rks Nih ysfdu
deys'oj ds eu ds eqrkfcdA blls eaxys'k dkQh ukjkt gq,A tc og
dgkuh 1966 esa ^lkfjdk* esa Nih rks bls i<+dj fgUnh ds lqizfl) Js"B
dgkuhdkj vknj.kh; Kkujatu us eaxys'k dks ,d [kr fy[kk mlesa fy[kk
Fkk& ^^fiz; HkkbZ eq>s vkidh dgkuh i<+us dk lqvolj feykA eSa ugha tkurk
vki dgk¡ ds jgus okys gS \ D;k djrs gSa \ fiNys ik¡p o"kksZa ls dksbZ ,slh
dgkuh i<+us dks ugha feyh Fkh tks vkt vkidh dgkuh esa feyhA eq>s
vkidh dgkuh cgqr vPNh yxhA vkidks esjh 'kqHkdkeuk,¡A** bl izdkj ,d
vPNs] lPps nksLr ds :i esa eaxys'k dks Kkujatu feysA blls cM+h lkSHkkX;
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dh ckr dkSu lh gks ldrhA**
x| ls ys[ku dk;Z dh 'kq:vkr djus okys eaxys'k t;'kadj izlkn
dh jpuk ^vkalw* ls cgqr izHkkfor FksA vius thou ds lÙkkou tUefnol iw.kZ
gksus ij viuh Mk;jh esa fy[krs gS& ^^esjh vka[ks Hkhxh gqbZ gSa vkSj lglk ,d
vkalw xkyksa ls cgrk gqvk gksBksa rd vkrk gSA mlesa ued gSA vkalw dk
uedA og esjs Hkhrj pyk x;k gSA fQj ls vkalw cuus ds fy,A fd'kksj o;
esa t;'kadj izlkn dh jpuk ^vkalw* eq>s eqagtckuh ;kn FkhA og igyh
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dfork Fkh tks eSaus i<+h vkSj ;kn dhA**
eaxys'k Mcjky dks firkth dh chekjh ds dkj.k viuh i<+kbZ ch0,0
f}rh; o"kZ esa gh NksM+uh iM+h vkSj thfodk ds fy, 19 o"kZ esa os fnYyh
vk,A fnYyh esa fgUnh ^isfVª;V*] ^izfri{k* vkSj ^vklikl* esa dk;Zjr gq,A
fgUnh ^isfVª;V* ls mudk i=dkfjrk txr~ ls lEcU/k tqM+k vkSj os i=dkj
ds :i esa [kqn dks LFkkfir fd;sA fnYyh ds i'pkr~ eaxys'k dqN le; rd
Hkksiky esa ^iwoZxzg* ds lgk;d lEiknd jgsA N% lky rd bykgkckn vkSj
y[kuÅ ls izdkf'kr ^ve`r izHkkr* esa lkfgR; lEiknd jgsA 1983 ls nSfud
^tulÙkk* esa ofj"B lgk;d lEiknd cusA 2003 ls 2006 rd ^lgkjk
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VkbZEl* if=dk ls tqM+s jgs FksA i=dkfjrk ds lkFk&lkFk eaxys'k dk
ys[ku&dk;Z vuojr tkjh jgk gSA 2006 ls us'kuy cqd VªLV esa lykgdj
ds :i esa lsokjr gSA
eaxys'k lkfgR; ,oa i=dkfjrk dks ,d nwljs ls tqM+k gqvk ekurs gSA
os ekurs gS fd i=dkfjrk fopkjksa ds fuekZ.k esa egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSA
^^i=dkfjrk fopkjksÙkstd gS] lkfgR; vkSj i=dkfjrk dk y{; ,d gh gS&
^ekuoh; laca/k dh [kkst* vkSj i=dkfjrk tc bl mís'; dks Hkwyrh gS rks
og lekIr gks tkrh gSA vkt dh i=dkfjrk us cktkj ds vkxs ?kwVus Vsd
fn;s gSaA lkfgR; vkSj i=dkfjrk ,d&nwljs ls tqM+s gSaA igys ds T;knk
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lkfgR;dkj gh i=dkj jgs gSaA**
lPph i=dkfjrk dks dfo cgqr lEeku nsrs gSaA vius thou ds
la?k"kZe; le; esa i=&if=dkvksa dk laiknu gh mudh thfodk dk vk/kkj
cukA dfo ân; j[kus okys eaxys'k i=dkfjrk dks Hkh l`tukRedrk ls
tksM+dj ns[krs gSA os ekurs gSa fd ftl Hkk¡fr lkfgR; thou ds Hkhrj ls gh
mitrk gS vkSj gj ;qx esa yksxksa dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrk gS Bhd mlh izdkj
vPNh i=dkfjrk Hkh vius ;qx dk niZ.k gksrh gS vkSj thou rFkk lekt ls
mldk tqM+ko bl Hkk¡fr gksuk pkfg, fd og vius ;qx ,oa vkus okys Hkkoh
;qxksa dk ekxZ iz'kLr dj ldsA dfo deZ vkSj laiknd dk;Z dks ysdj os
dgrs gSa fd& ^^dfork fy[kus ds dkj.k i=dkfjrk esa eq>s enn feyh gSa]
ysfdu i=dkfjrk ds dkj.k 'kk;n dfork esa dksbZ enn ugha feyh gSA
vPNh i=dkfjrk dk eSa cgqr lEeku djrk gw¡ vkSj Hkz"V i=dkfjrk dk eSa
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mruk gh fojks/kh gw¡A**
eaxys'k i=dkfjrk ds lUnHkZ esa bZekunkjh ,oa Kku dks egÙo nsrs gSaA
O;fä dk ^oLrq* esa :ikUrj.k vkt dh miHkksäkoknh laLÑfr dk ewy gS ,oa
dfo eaxys'k dk O;fäRo laiknd eaxys'k ds O;fäRo ls tc feyrk gS rks
orZeku le; esa cktkjokn ds i=dkfjrk ij tks opZLo gS] mlls vUnj gh
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vUnj dgha [kh> mBrk gSA ^^i=&if=dkvksa esa] [kkldj nSfud vkSj
lkIrkfgd i=ksa esa vkye ;g gS fd tks dksbZ u;k] mnh;eku] la?k"kZ'khy
lkfgR;&izseh ukStoku ;k Nk= dke dh [kkst esa vkrk gS] mlds gkFk esa
dksbZ Hkh fdrkc Fkek nh tkrh gS fd bl ij leh{kk fy[kdj ykvks tks vkB
lkS 'kCnksa ls vf/kd dh u gksA bl rjg ge lkeus [kM+s csjkstxkj ds izfr
viuh ftEesnkjh fuHkk ysrs gS vkSj ys[kd Hkh viuh leh{kk ls izlUu gks
mBrs gSA bu fnuksa ;g Hkh ugha ns[kk tk jgk gS fd leh{kk fdlus fy[kh gS]
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mldh LFkkiuk,a D;k gS vkSj jpuk dks dSls i<+k x;k gSA**
i=dkfjrk ,oa laiknd dk;Z muds fy, egt ,d is'kk ugha gSA og
muesa lR;rk] ekSfydrk] bZekunkjh ,oa izsjd rRoksa ds vUos"kh gSA ,0oh0
flfCyax us fy[kk Fkk& " The funciton of the press in society is to inform but
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its role is to make money"
eaxys'k ,0oh0 flfCyax ds bl dFku dk fojks/k djrs gS vkSj
i=dkfjrk dks iSls ls ugha cfYd ;FkkFkZ ,oa fopkj&fuekZ.k ls tksM+dj ns[krs
gSaA
x| ls vius ys[ku dk izkjEHk djus okys eaxys'k vkt ,d lQy
dfo ds :i esa izfrf"Br gSA mUgksaus vius ;qx esa QSys pkjksa rjQ dh ph[k
,oa 'kksj ds e/; thou dh e/kqj rku dks] e/kqj laxhr dks cpkus dh dksf'k'k
dh gSA orZeku ;qx esa udkjkRed i{k dks utjvankt djrs gq, os thou dks
ldkjkRed n`f"V ls ns[krs gSA eaxys'k dh dfork ,slh dfork dk la/kku gS
ftlesa vkt dk misf{kr ^vke* vkneh vius lexz :i esa mifLFkr gSA
mldk ,d uwru lkSUn;Z gS tks vius ifjos'k] vius eu vkSj le; dks
[kaxkyus ls mRiUu gksrk gSA Qyr% mudh dfork esa edku] igkM+] fpfM+;k]
?kj] f[kM+dh] 'kgj] cPpk] clar] unh] isM+] gok] f[kykSuk bR;kfn vR;Ur
lgtrk ls ,d uwru lkSUn;Z&cks/k ds lkFk mifLFkr gSA eaxys'k ds
jpuk&lalkj esa dksbZ Hkh pht ^vke* ;k ^lk/kkj.k* ugha gSA NksVh lh NksVh
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pht Hkh xgjs vFkZcks/k ls lai`ä gSA eaxys'k ds fy, dfork thou dk nwljk
i;kZ; gSA eaxys'k ekurs gSa fd ^^dfork rhu phtksa ls iSnk gksrh gS] tUe]
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e`R;q vkSj izse lsA** og thoukuqHkoksa ls tUeh vkSj lkFk&lkFk pyrh gSA
ys[kd vFkok lkfgR;dkj ds ÑfrRo dks mlds O;fäxr thou ,oa vuqHkoksa
ls i`Fkd djds ugha ns[kk tk ldrk] D;ksafd ys[kd ds fopkj ,oa mldh
Hkkouk,¡ mlds thou dh gh izfrPNk;k gksrh gSA eaxys'k dh dforkvksa ls
xqtjuk Lo;a ls lk{kkRdkj djus tSlk gSA gj ,d iy dks eu&izk.k ls th
ysus dh ykylk gSA
vius dkO;&l`tu dh ;k=k ds izkjfEHkd fnuksa ds ckjs esa eaxys'k
dgrs gSa& ^^dgkfu;ka fy[kk djrk FkkA ^/keZ;qx* esa lcls vf/kd jpuk,¡ Hkstk
djrk FkkA laiknd ds [ksn okyh if{k;ksa dks rexksa vkSj izek.k i=ksa dh rjg
lqjf{kr j[krk FkkA vkt Hkh os fLyisa dgha fey tk;saxhA ^u;h dgkuh* esa
Hkh"e lkguh dks dgkuh HkstrkA gj ckj dgkuh Hkh"e th ds iksLVdkMZ ds
lkFk okil vk tkrh] ;g fy[kdj fd vHkh dqN ckr ugha cuhA mlds ckn
nwljk nkSj Fkk fd dfo yhyk/kj txwM+h vk/kqfud dfork fy[k jgs FksA
txwM+h ls eqykd+kr u gqbZ gksrh rks vkt eSa vius xk¡o ds Ldwy esa ekLVjh
djrs gq, xhr fy[k jgk gksrkA 'kk;n MkWDVj ;k fo}ku cu tkrkA txwM+h
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us tks esjs fy, njokt+k [kksyk] og vk/kqfud dfork dh rjQ [kqyrk FkkA**
txqM+h th }kjk [kksys x;s njokts ls xqtjus ds ckn vkt eaxys'k dk jpuk
txr dkQh le`) gks pqdk gS ,oa ledkyhu dfo;ksa esas mudh viuh ,d
fof'k"V igpku gSA muds vc rd ds idz kf'kr dkO;&laxzg ,oa x| lkfgR;
dk fooj.k fuEufyf[kr gS&

dkO;&laxzg
1- igkM+ ij ykyVsu % ¼1981½
2- ?kj dk jkLrk % ¼1988½
3- ge tks ns[krs gS % ¼1995½
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4- vkokt Hkh ,d txg gS % ¼2000½
5- u;s ;qx esa 'k=q % ¼2013½

x| jpuk
1- ,d ckj vk;ksok % ¼1996½] ,d ;k=k Mk;jh
2- ys[kd dh jksVh % ¼1997½
3- dfo dk vdsykiu % ¼2008½

vkt ls yxHkx 44 o"kZ iwoZ fnYyh vkdj ^fgUnh isfV~;V*] ^izfri{k*
vkSj ^vklikl* vkSj vkSj fQj Hkksiky ls izdkf'kr ^iwoZxzg* esas dke fd;kA
Ng lky bykgkckn vkSj y[kuÅ ls izdkf'kr nSfud ^ve`r izHkkr* esa
lkfgR; laiknd ds :i esa vkSj vBkjg o"kZ nSfud ^tulÙkk* esa ofj"B
lgk;d laiknd rFkk mlds ckn lgkjk VkbZEl ls eaxys'k tqM+s jgsA 2006
ls us'kuy cqd VªLV esa lykgdkj ds :i esa dk;Zjr gSA
eaxys'k dh fofo/k Hkk"kkvksa esa :fp vkSj Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds vykok
vU; Hkk"kkvksa ds lkfgR; dk v/;;u mUgsa ,d dq'ky vuqoknd ds :i esa
izfrf"Br djrk gSA muds }kjk vuwfnr dk;Z esa csVksZYV czs"V] gkal ekXuql
,saRlsalcxZj ¼teZu½] ;kful fjRlksl ¼;w;kuh½] T+cXuh;sc gscsZr] rknsÅ"k
:ts+fop ¼iksyLdh½] ikCyks us:nk] ,susZLrks dknsZuy ¼Likuh½] Mksjk xkcs] Lrkdk
isapsok ¼cYxkjh½ vkfn dh dforkvksa dk vuqokn teZu miU;kldkj gseZu
gsLls ds miU;kl ^fl)kFkZ* vkSj ckaXyk dfo uok:.k HkV~Vkpk;Z ds laxzg ^;g
e`R;q miR;dk ugha gS esjk ns'k* ds lg vuqokndA blds vfrfjä ukxktqZu]
fueZy oekZ] egk'osrk nsoh] varewfrZ] xqjn;ky flag] dqjZrqy&,su gSnj ij
o`Ùkfp=ksa dk iVdFkk ys[kuA vuqokn ds ckjs esa Lo;a eaxys'k Mcjky dk
dguk gS& ^^vuqokn ,d iqujZpuk gS blfy, og iqutZUe Hkh gS ,d dfork
10