“MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS -INTERFACING, PROGRAMMING AND ...

356 Pages·2013·12.82 MB·English

“MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS -INTERFACING, PROGRAMMING
AND DESIGN”

PREFACE
When discrete components and integrated circuits played a vital role in technology development,
the advent of microprocessor has changed completely the system design for various real time applications.
The Microelectronics industry has changed the technology into user friendly, ease of system design
,increases productivity and reduces the time of design. One of the objectives of writing this book is to
impart the skill sets for system design using microprocessor and microcontrollers. This book serves as an
introduction to the field of microprocessor design and implementation. Designer of an embedded system
must have a thorough understanding of hardware, software and system integration. In view of this, various
aspects of hardware design, such as interfacing of memory and different types of I/O devices, been covered
in details. As it is customary to write software in machine or assembly language or ‗ C‘ program for
embedded system applications, assembly language programming of 8085,8086 and 8051 and Embedded
‗C‘ program for 8051 been covered with solved examples.
The book covers the detailed concepts in architectural, programming and design with
microprocessor and microcontroller. Programming examples been elaborated with solved examples .Case
studies is been included for application of microprocessor and microcontrollers in various areas. The entire
contents of the book are described with examples for interfacing then and there.
―MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS -INTERFACING, PROGRAMMING
AND DESIGN: is designed as a textbook for the V semester ECE students of ANNA University, Chennai.

To start with, the book Chapter 1 opens with the basics of a microprocessor/microcontroller system, its
organization, programming system and advances in technology. Chapter 1 is intended as a first level course
for microcomputer and embedded system design.(UNIT 1 of syllabus)
Chapter 2 introduces the 16 bit microprocessor architecture to the readers. The pin description,different
units BIU and EU,Pipelining, registers and various modes of operation like minimum and maximum mode
is been discussed with signal diagrams and block diagram. Interrupts been discussed in detail(UNIT 1)
Chapter 3 describes the 8086 instruction set and programming. Various groups of instructions been
discussed with suitable examples. Assembler directives been discussed with many illustrative examples.
Assembly language programs with directives been presented. UNIT 2 of syllabus
Chapter 4 describes the interfacing of microprocessor with peripheral devices. The chapter covers the
interfacing of communication devices 8255&8251,Keyboard display interface, DMA and Programmable
timer .The chapter extends to interface the data acquisition units like ADC and DAC with real time
examples. The chapter covers the interfacing of the devices in memory mapped I/O and I/O mapped I/O.
Memory and Input/output device interfacing is described with examples for partial and absolute decoding.
Both 8085 and 8086 interfacing with devices been presented.(UNIT3 of syllabus)
Chapter 5 introduces the architecture of 8 bit Microcontroller 8051 .Internal architecture of 8051 is
covered in detail. SFRs, Timers, Serial communication, Ports, Interrupts, registers and basic programming
model been described in detail. The chapter also deals with instruction set and programming. Various
groups of instructions been discussed with suitable examples. Assembly language programs with directives
been presented for Timers, Serial communication, Ports and Interrupts.(UNIT4 of syllabus)
Chapter 6 describes the real time interfacing of 8051 with peripheral devices. The chapter covers the
interfacing communication devices 8255, interfacing with Traffic light control, washing machine control,
RTC Interfacing using I2C Standard, Motor Control, Relay, PWM, DC & Stepper Motor.
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Finally the Instruction set of 8086 and 8051 been summarized in separate Appendix. I believe diagrams
would convey more information than words.More diagrams and signal graphs been included for better
presentation of the concepts.
Finally I hope that the book would meet the requirement of the student‘s educational needs and provide the
teachers a different perspective to teach the subject effectively.

-S.Ravindrakumar & D.Nithya

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SYLLABUS

EC2304 MICROPROCESSOR AND MICROCONTROLLER L T P C 3 1 0 4

AIM To learn the architecture, programming, interfacing and rudiments of system design
of microprocessors and microcontrollers.

OBJECTIVES
To introduce microprocessors and basics of system design using microprocessors.
To introduce h/w architecture, instruction set and programming of 8085
microprocessor.
To introduce the h/w architecture, instruction set and programming of 8086
microprocessor.
To introduce the peripheral interfacing of microprocessors.
To introduce through case studies, the system design principles using 8085 and
8086.
To introduce the h/w architecture, instruction set, programming and interfacing of
8051 microcontroller.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION TO 8 BIT AND 16 BIT MICROPROCESSORS – H/W
ARCHITECTURE 9
Introduction to microprocessor, computer and its organization, Programming system, Address bus, data bus
and control bus, Tristate bus, clock generation, Connecting Microprocessor to I/O devices , Data transfer
schemes, Architectural advancements of microprocessors. Introductory System design using
microprocessors, 8086 – Hardware Architecture, External memory addressing, Bus cycles, some important
Companion Chips, Maximum mode bus cycle, 8086 system configuration, Memory Interfacing, Minimum
mode system configuration, Maximum mode system configuration, Interrupt processing, Direct memory
access.

UNIT II 16 BIT MICROPROCESSOR INSTRUCTION SET AND ASSEMBLY
LANGUAGE PROGRAMMING 9
Programmer‘s model of 8086, operand types, operand addressing, assembler directives, instruction set -
Data transfer group, Arithmetic group, logical group, control transfer group, miscellaneous instruction
groups, programming.

UNIT III MICROPROCESSOR PERIPHERAL INTERFACING 9
Introduction, Generation of I/O Ports, Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)-Intel 8255, Sample-and-
Hold Circuit and Multiplexer, Keyboard and Display Interface, Keyboard and Display Controller (8279),
Programmable Interval timers (Intel 8253, 8254), D-to-A converter, A-to-D converter, CRT Terminal
Interface, Printer Interface.

UNIT IV 8 BIT MICROCONTROLLER- H/W ARCHITECTURE, INSTRUCTION
SET AND PROGRAMMING 9
Introduction to 8051 Micro-controller, Architecture, Memory organization, Special function registers, Port
Operation, Memory Interfacing, I/O Interfacing, Programming 8051 resources, interrupts, Programmer‘s
model of 8051, Operand types, Operand addressing, Data transfer instructions, Arithmetic instructions,
Logic instructions, Control transfer instructions, Programming

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UNIT V SYSTEM DESIGN USING MICRO PROCESSOR &
MICROCONTROLLER 9
Case studies – Traffic light control, washing machine control, RTC Interfacing using I2C Standard- Motor
Control- Relay, PWM, DC & Stepper Motor.
L: 45, T: 15, TOTAL= 60 PERIODS

TEXT BOOKS
1. Krishna Kant, ―MICROPROCESSORS AND MICROCONTROLLERS Architecture, programming and
system design using 8085, 8086, 8051 and 8096‖. PHI 2007.
2. Douglas V Hall, ―MICROPROCESSORS AND INTERFACING, PROGRAMMING AND
HARDWARE‖ TMH, 2006.

REFERENCES
1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D.MCKinlay The 8051 Microcontroller and
Embedded Systems, Second Edition, Pearson Education 2008.
2. Kenneth J. Ayala, ―The 8086 Microprocessor: Programming & Interfacing The PC‖, Delmar Publishers,
2007.
3. A K Ray, K M Bhurchandi, Advanced Microprocessors and Peripherals, TMH, 2007.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR BASED SYSTEM 15-41
1.1. Introduction to microprocessor, Microcontroller and System Design
1.1.1. Pre-PC Microprocessor History
1.1.2. Processor Specifications
1.1.3. Brief History of Multi-core CPUs
1.2. Microprocessor and microcontroller as a programmable device
1.2.1. Computer organization and typical microprocessor
1.2.2. CPU structure
1.2.3. Microprocessor
1.2.4. ALU
1.2.5. Control unit
1.2.6. Memory/storage components
1.2.6.1. Main memory types
1.2.6.2. Bipolar v/s MOS Memories
1.2.7. Input and Output
1.2.8. System Bus
1.2.8.1. Address bus
1.2.8.2. Data bus
1.2.8.3. Control bus
1.2.8.4. Tristate bus
1.2.9. Cache
1.2.9.1. How Cache Works
1.2.10. Peripheral Interfacing
1.2.10.1. Functions
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1.3. Basic CPU Architecture
1.3.1. CISC vs. RISC
1.3.2. Registers
1.3.3. Instruction Register
1.3.4. Stack Pointer
1.3.5. Instruction Decoder
1.3.6. Program or Instruction Counter
1.3.7. Accumulator
1.3.8. Computer Status Word (CSW) or Flag Register
1.3.9. Arithmetic and Logic Unit
1.3.10. Control Unit
1.3.11. The System Clock
1.3.12. Instruction Cycle
1.4. Programming system
1.4.1. Computer Program
1.4.2. Programming language
1.4.3. Categories of programming languages
1.4.4. Microprocessor Languages.
1.4.4.1. Machine language
1.4.4.2. Assembly language
1.4.4.3. High level languages
1.5. Data Transfer
1.5.1. Programmed Data Transfer
1.5.2. Direct Memory Access (DMA) Transfer or Cycle Stealing Transfer
1.6. Microprocessors vs. microcontrollers
1.7. Architectural Advancement
1.7.1. Key Architectural Trends
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1.7.2. Family of Microprocessors
1.7.3. Manufacturing Technologies
1.8. SUMMARY

CHAPTER 2 INTRODUCTION TO 16-BIT MICROPROCESSOR 42-83
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Pin Diagram of 8086 and Pin description of 8086
2.2.1. Pin description of 8086
2.3. Architecture of 8086 or functional block diagram of 8086
2.3.1. Bus interface unit
2.3.2. execution unit
2.3.3. 8086 Registers
2.3.3.1. General Purpose Registers
2.3.3.2. Index or Pointer Registers
2.3.3.3. Segment Registers
2.3.3.4. Other registers of 8086
2.4. Programing model
2.4.1. Memory map
2.4.2. Segment registers
2.4.3. Logical and physical address
2.4.4. Advantages of segmented memory
2.5. Interrupts
2.5.1. Performance of Software Interrupts
2.5.2. Interrupt Vector Table
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2.5.3. Performance of Hardware Interrupts
2.6. General Bus Operation
2.7. Minimum mode 8086 system
2.7.1. Write Cycle Timing Diagram for Minimum Mode
2.7.2. Bus Request and Bus Grant Timings in Minimum Mode System of 8086
2.7.3. Minimum Mode Interface
2.8. Maximum mode 8086 system
2.8.1. Memory Read Timing Diagram in Maximum Mode of 8086
2.8.2. Memory Write Timing in Maximum mode of 8086
2.8.3. RQ/GT Timings in Maximum Mode
2.8.4. 8288 Bus Controller – Bus Command and Control Signals
2.9. Direct memory access
2.9.1. DMA Controller
2.9.2. The DMA interface
2.9.3. Functional behavior of a DMA transaction
2.9.4. DMA interface operation
2.9.5. DMA interface with I/O
2.9.6. Controller accessing memory

CHAPTER 3 8086 INSTRUCTIONS SET AND PROGRAMMING 84-107
3.1. Instruction format
3.2. Addressing modes
3.1.1. Immediate Addressing Mode
3.1.2. Register addressing mode
3.1.3. Memory Addressing Modes
3.1.4. Direct Addressing Mode
3.1.5. Register Indirect Addressing Mode
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3.1.6. Based Addressing Mode
3.1.7. Indexed Addressing Modes
3.1.8. Based Indexed Addressing Modes
3.1.9. Based Indexed Plus Displacement Addressing Mode
3.2. Instruction set
3.2.1. Data Transfer Group
3.2.2. Arithmetic and Logical Instructions
3.2.3. String Instructions
3.2.4. Program Flow Instructions
3.3. 8086 Assembler Directives

CHAPTER 4 PERIPHERALS AND INTERFACING 108-191
4.1. Introduction
4.2. The 8255 programmable peripheral interface (PPI).
4.2.1. Pin Diagram
4.2.2. Block diagram of 8255
4.2.2.1. Control word
4.2.2.2. Mode Selection
4.2.2.3. Interrupt Control Functions
4.2.3. Modes of operation
4.2.3.1. BIT/RESET Mode ,BSR mode
4.2.3.2. MODE 0: Simple input or Output
4.2.3.3. MODE1: input or Output with handshake
4.2.3.4. MODE 2: Bidirectional Data Transfer
4.2.4 Interfacing with microprocessor
4.3. Interfacing with Intel 8251a (USART)
4.3.1. Features of 8251
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4.3.2. Block diagram of 8251
4.3.2.1. Read/Write control logic:
4.3.2.2. Transmitter Section
4.3.2.3. Receiver section
4.3.3. Interfacing with microprocessor
4.4. Keyboard/display controller - 8279
4.4.1 Features of 8279
4.4.2 Pin diagram.
4.4.3 Block diagram of 8279
4.4.3.1 Keyboard Section
4.4.3.2 Display section
4.4.3.3 Scan section
4.4.3.4 CPU interface section
4.4.4 Modes of operation
4.4.5 Interfacing with microprocessor
4.5 Programmable Timer – 8253
4.5.1 Pin Diagram
4.5.2 Block diagram of 8253
4.5.2.1 Data Bus Buffer
4.5.2.2 Read/Write Logic
4.5.2.3 Control Word Register
4.5.2.4 Counter #0, Counter #1, Counter #2
4.5.3. 8253 SYSTEMS INTERFACE
4.5.3.1. Control Word
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