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Microcontrollers: From Assembly Language to C Using the PIC24 Family Robert Reese J.W. Bruce Bryan A. Jones Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Microcontrollers: From Assembly Language © 2009, Course Technology, a part of Cengage Learning to C Using the PIC24 Family ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Robert Reese may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means J. W. Bruce graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopy- ing, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information Bryan A. Jones networks, or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted Publisher and General Manager, under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without Course Technology PTR: the prior written permission of the publisher. Stacy L. Hiquet Associate Director of Marketing: For product information and technology assistance, contact us at Sarah Panella Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 Content Project Manager: Jessica McNavich For permission to use material from this text or product, submit all requests online at cengage.com/permissions. Marketing Manager: Mark Hughes Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to Acquisitions Editor: Mitzi Koontz [email protected] Copy Editor: Library of Congress Control Number: 2008938144 Technical Reviewer: Dr. Sam Russ ISBN-13: 978-1-5845-0583-9 CRM Editorial Services Coordinator: ISBN-10: 1-5845-0583-4 Jennifer Blaney eISBN-10: 1-5845-0633-4 Cover Designer: Mike Tanamachi Course Technology CD-Rom Producer: Brandon Penticuff 25 Thomson Place Indexer: Boston, MA 02210 Proofreader: USA Compositor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at: international. cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your lifelong learning solutions, visit courseptr.com Visit our corporate website at cengage.com Certain materials contained herein are reprinted with permission of M icrochip Printed in Canada TechnologyIncorporated. No further reprints or reproductions may be made 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 12 11 10 09 08 of said materials withoutMicrochip Technology Inc.’s prior written consent. RBR: To my Dad, a quiet hero. JWB: To my family, who make me whole. BAJ: To my beloved wife and to my Lord; soli Deogloria. This page intentionally left blank Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the following individuals for their assistance in preparing this book: ECE3724 students for their patience during the development of this text and the accompanying software libraries. Lee Hathcock and the students in ECE4723 who provided so many construc- tive comments on the organization of ESOS. Samuel Russ for his many insights on code and text improvements in his role as a technical reviewer for the manuscript. David Weaver, previously of Bell Laboratories, for serving as an ad-hoc technical reviewer and who provided many excellent suggestions for code and text improvements. Nathan Seidle of SparkFun Electronics for his collaboration and support on the mini-Bully PIC24 μC platform. Carol Popovich and the other members of the Microchip Academic Program team at Microchip Technology Inc. for their support in using Microchip products in a higher education environment. v This page intentionally left blank About the Authors Robert B. Reese received the B.S. degree from Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, in 1979 and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees from Texas A&M University, College Station, in 1982 and 1985, respectively, all in electrical engineering. He served as a member of the technical staff of the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC), Austin, TX, from 1985 to 1988. Since 1988, he has been with the Depart- ment of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Mississippi State University, where he is an Associate Professor. Courses that he teaches include Microprocessors, VLSI systems, Digital System design, and senior design. His research interests include self-timed digital systems and computer architecture. J.W. Bruce received the B.S.E. from the University of Alabama in Huntsville in 1991, the M.S.E.E. from the Georgia Institute of Technology in 1993, and the Ph.D. from the University of Nevada Las Vegas in 2000, all in electrical engineering. Dr. Bruce has served as a member of the technical staff at the Mevatec Corporation providing engineering support to the Marshall Space Flight Center Microgravity Research Program. He also worked in the 3D Workstation Graphics Group at the Integraph Corporation designing the world’s first OpenGL graphics accelerator for the Windows operating system. Since 2000, Dr. Bruce has served in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Mississippi State University. Dr. Bruce has contributed to the research areas of data converter architecture design and embedded systems design. His research has resulted in more than 30 technical pub- lications and one book chapter. Bryan A. Jones received the B.S.E.E. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Rice University, Houston, TX, in 1995 and 2002, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from Clemson University, Clemson, SC, in 2005. From 1996 to 2000, he was a Hardware Design Engineer for Compaq, specializing in board layout for high-availability RAID controllers. He is currently an Assistant Professor at Mississippi State University. His research interests include robotics, real-time control-system implementation, rapid prototyping for real-time systems, and modeling and analysis of mechatronic systems. vii This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments v About the Authors vii Introduction xxi Part I Digital Logic Review and Computer Architecture Fundamentals 1 1 Number System and Digital Logic Review 3 Binary Data 4 Unsigned Number Conversion 6 Hex to Binary, Binary to Hex 7 Binary and Hex Arithmetic 8 Binary and Hex Addition 8 Binary and Hex Subtraction 9 Shift Operations 11 Combinational Logic Functions 12 Logic Gate CMOS Implementations 15 Combinational Building Blocks 18 The Multiplexer 18 The Adder 19 The Incrementer 20 The Shifter 21 Memory 21 Sequential Logic 22 The Clock Signal 23 The D Flip-Flop 24 ix