Microbiome in Human Health and Disease PDF
Preview Microbiome in Human Health and Disease
Pallaval Veera Bramhachari Editor Microbiome in Human Health and Disease Microbiome in Human Health and Disease Pallaval Veera Bramhachari Editor Microbiome in Human Health and Disease Editor PallavalVeeraBramhachari DepartmentofBiotechnology KrishnaUniversity Machilipatnam,AndhraPradesh,India ISBN978-981-16-3155-9 ISBN978-981-16-3156-6 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3156-6 #TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingapore PteLtd.2021 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore Foreword The microbial world is largely invisible to the human eye, but it is almost beyond imagination. There are hundreds, thousands of different kinds of bacteria (leaving asideotherkindsofmicrobes:archaea,viruses,fungi,andprotists),livinginevery possibleenvironmentincluding deepseabed, high intheclouds,and intheboiling hotsprings.Multicellularorganismscreatedanentirelynewsetofhabitats,inandon allthoseanimalsandplants. Researchdatasuggestedthatduringthelasttwodecades,extensiveresearchhas been carried out on endophytic fungi and several biologically active compounds havebeenisolatedfromendophyticfungi.Thisbookmakesallthereadersgenerally conversant in the language of microbiomes and metagenomics. It also provides excellent examples of how microbial communities affect health and cure diseases and dole out typical practical examples of how medical interventions interact with themicrobiomeandchangeoutcomes. UnderstandingtheHost–MicrobiomeInteractionsinHumanHealth.Thevolume published by the Springer Nature Biomedicine is an important volume, and I stronglybelievethatitwillattractreadersworkinginthefield.Thepresentvolume has 14 chapters contributed by diversified academicians and scientists working on microbiome research throughout the world. I must congratulate the editor of this book for bringing out this volume with excellent contributions from the most talentedscientistsworkingonmicrobiomeresearchandtheirapplicationsinunder- standingthehostmicrobiomeinteractionsinhumanhealth. KrishnaUniversity K.B.ChandraSekhar Machilipatnam,India vv Preface Thehumanbodyisabeautifullycomplexsystem,hostingtrillionsofmicrobialcells that colonize epithelial surfaces such as those present in the mouth and gut are included.Thereisgrowingevidencethatthesemicrobiomes,whichplayimportant rolesinhumanphysiologyandorgandevelopment,domorethanjustlieontissues. Indeed, relative to our human genome, there are 100 times more genes in our microbiome and these microbial genes code for proteins that affect different pro- cessessuchasdigestion,immunity,anddevelopment.Thepurposeofthisbookisto provideasummaryofhumanmicrobialdiversityandtoexplainattemptstoconnect microbialcommunitiestohumanbeings. The Human Microbiome Project (HMP) projects in the USA, Canada, Europe, andAsiahaveprovidedaboosttoattempttounderstandhuman-associatedmicrobial populations. More than $200 million has been invested bythe NIH intheWestern Worldtofundthesestudies,whicharerisingnowwiththeintroductionofevidence and a flurry of publications. This isa time ofextraordinary breakthroughs, and the areaissufficientlymature,whilestillnewtomeritabookhighlightingadvancement. Responses to several issues are appearing now. How do various microbial populationsvaryacrosslocationsinthebody?Whatistheheterogeneityofmicro- bialcompositionatthesamespecificlocationinstableanddiseasedhumans? Tomaximizewell-beingandmitigatediseaserisk,howcanmicrobialpopulations bemanipulated?Overthecourseofhumanevolution,howdomicrobialpopulations change? What are the internal factors (genetic, anatomical, hormonal, and physio- logical) and external environmental factors that form human-associated microbial communities(diet,sexualbehavior,andhygiene)?Manyadditionalconcernsregard- ing the personal interactions between human and microbial cells in the body come withpartialanswerstothesequestions.Theresearcherscontinuetomakenotewor- thy and exhilarating contributions to our understanding of the basic biology of humanhealthintheareaofmicrobiome. Yetthepracticaltranslationalapplicationsofthisfascinatingandenthrallingarea of science are outstanding. The book also discusses that research on microbiomes provides a more comprehensive view of the genetics of humans and other species, andhowitcanincludeinnovativehumanhealthtreatmentsandnewtechniques.For thebeginnerandmicrobiomeenthusiasts,thisbookmaybeanessentialreadingofits importance with existing applications in medicine, agriculture, and climate. With vii viii Preface these aims in mind, the material of this textbook has been structured from basic to more advanced topics in a sequential progression. Finally, this book also reviews advancement from fundamental research to relationships between immune– microbiomesandhumanhealthmicrobiomes:clinicalapplications. Wehopethatyourcreativityisinspiredbythisbookandwishyouluckinyour experiments.Thisbookillustratesastonishinglytheurgencywithwhichthenumer- ous scientific brains are committed to the welfare of the scientific world. I am immensely grateful to the contributors for consistently paying attention to my requestandexpressingconfidenceinmyskills.Iwillstillbeforeverhighlyobliged toallthecontributorsforever.Theworthlessnessoftheireffortscannotbeexplained bytheseterms. Becauseoftheheartfeltinterestandpainstakingeffortofmanyotherwell-wishers whose names are not listed, but they are already in our hearts, we have effectively compiled our innovative and reflective research work. So, the reward for their sacrifices is definitely worth it. I want this book to be devoted to my mum, S. Jayaprada (late). From the bottom of our souls, I and the contributing authors hopethisbookwillbeagoodguideandguidanceforscientificstudiestounderstand thehostmicrobiomerelationshipsinhumanhealth. Machilipatnam,India PallavalVeeraBramhachari Acknowledgements My sincere thanks are extended to all the academicians and scientists who have contributed chapters and happily agreed to share their work on Understanding the Host–MicrobiomeInteractionsinHumanHealthinthisvolume. Thisbookisastunningreflectionoftheseriousnesswithwhichseveralscientific minds are dedicated from thescientificcommunity. I amextremely thankful tothe contributorsforpayingcontinuousattentiontomyrequestandshowingfaithinmy competencies and capabilities. I shall always remain highly obliged to all of them forever.Thesewordscannotjustifytheworthinessoftheirefforts.Weappreciatethe excellentworkoftheauthorsandco-authorswhowereinvitedtocontributechapters tothisbook.Thecreditformakingthisbookarealitygoestothem.Asaneditorand the review team for the chapters especially appreciate sharing expertise with the contributors.Eachchapterisinformativeandwrittenasastand-alone,sothereader canbeginanywhereinthebookdependinguponhis/herinterestsandneeds. At the same time, I also express my deepest gratitude to my family members especially my wife (Ramadevi Ramaswamy) and my kids (Ruthvik and Jayati) for theirkindsupportwhichhaspromptedmetocompletetheassignmentontime.Iam also thankful to the Department of Biotechnology, Krishna University, for the support. I am equally thankful to the Springer Nature Publishing group for their fullcooperationduringthepeerreviewandproductionofthevolume. Iamthankfultomybelovedteachersandmentors,fortheirconstantsupportand motivationsatallstagesoftheprogress. ix About the Book Thebookprovidesanoverviewonhowthemicrobiomecontributestohumanhealth and disease. The microbiome has also become a burgeoning field of research in medicine,agricultureandenvironment.Thereaderswillobtainprofoundknowledge on the connection between intestinal microbiota and immune defense systems, medicine,agricultureandenvironment.Thebookisaddressedtoseveralresearchers, clinicians, and scholars working in biomedicine, microbiology, and immunology. The application of new technologies has no doubt revolutionized the research initiatives providing new insights into the dynamics of these complex microbial communitiesandtheirroleinmedicine,agricultureandenvironmentshallbemore emphasized. Drawing on broad range concepts of disciplines and model systems, this book primarily provides a conceptual framework for understanding these human–microbe, animal–microbe, and plant–microbe interactions while shedding critical light on the scientific challenges that lie ahead. Furthermore, this book explains why microbiome research demands a creative and interdisciplinary think- ing—thecapacitytocombinemicrobiologywithhuman,animal,andplantphysiol- ogy, ecological theory with immunology, and evolutionary perspectives with metabolicscience. This book provides an accessible and authoritative guide to the fundamental principles of microbiome science, an exciting and fast-emerging new discipline that is reshaping many aspects of the life sciences. These microbial partners can also drive ecologically important traits, from thermal tolerance to diet in a typical immunesystem,andhavecontributedtoanimalandplantdiversificationoverlong evolutionarytimescales.Also,thisbookexplainswhymicrobiomeresearchpresents amorecompletepictureofthebiologyofhumansandotheranimals,andhowitcan delivernoveltherapiesforhumanhealthandnewstrategies. xi Contents PartI IntroductiontoMicrobiomes 1 MicrobiomesandItsSignificancewiththeCurrentApplications inHumanHealthandDisease:GoalsandChallenges ofMicrobiomeResearchToday. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 PallavalVeeraBramhachari PartII MicrobiomeforHumanHealth:FromBasicScience toImmune-MicrobiomeInteractions 2 ModulationofSystemicImmuneResponsesThroughGenital, Skin,andoralMicrobiota:UnveilingtheFundamentals ofHumanMicrobiomes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 PavaniSanapalaandSudhakarPola 3 ASystematicReviewonCrosstalkBetweenMicrobiomeand ImmuneSystem. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. 35 Y.Aparna,K.Anuradha,S.Anju,andJ.Sarada 4 DiversityandDynamicsoftheGutMicrobiomeandImmune Cells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 PrernaPathak 5 OverviewonHumanGutMicrobiomeanditsRolein Immunomodulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 SudhakarPolaandDhanaLakshmiPadi 6 CancerMicrobiomeandImmunotherapy:Understandingthe ComplexResponsesBetweenMicrobes,Immunity,andCancer. . . 83 KishoreKumarGodisela,BadithalaSivaSaiKiran,andPallaval VeeraBramhachari 7 DynamicsofRespiratoryMicrobiomeProfilesContributesto ImbalanceandLungDysbiosisintheRespiratoryTract. . . . . . . . . 101 HarishBabuKolla,PrakashNarayanaReddy, andPallavalVeeraBramhachari xxiiiiii
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