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1 UNIT History of Microbiological Scientists Structure 1.0 History of Medicine 1.1 Antony Von Leeuwenhoek 1.2 Robert Koch 1.3 Edward Jenner 1.4 Joseph Lister 1.5 Louis Pasteur 1.0 History of Medicine Comparision of Indias Vedic sages (Ancient Indian Hindu Scientists) with Western and Europian scientist. Birds eye view about medical lab technician course. This contains the following steps. 1. Subjects and their definition 2. Role of Medical Lab Technician 3. On the Job Training (OJT) 4. Apprenticeship Training 244 The Medical Lab Technician 5. Job Mela (Employment ) Symbol of Indian Medicine Fig. 1.1 Symbol of Indian Medicine Definition of Medicine The art of science of treating disease with drugs or curative substances as distinguished from surgery and obstetrics (branch of medicine concerned with child birth) All human societies have medical beliefs that provide explanation of birth, death and disease. Throughout history, illness has bee n attributed to withcraft (the use of evil magic powers) demons, astral influence or the will of thegods. These ideas still retain some power, with faith healing and shirnes still us ed in some places, although the scientific medicine over the past millennium has altered or replaced the mysticism (vague or ill defined religious or spiritual belief) in most cases. Let us know about our Indian ancient teachers, Gurus, and Vedic sages in the field of medicine. Dhanvantari Dhanvantari is an Avatar of Vishnu from the Hindu tradition. He appears in the vedas and puranas as the physician of the Gods (devas) and the god of Ayurvedic medicine. Dhanvantari is the primordial god (Avatar) of Health care. Dhanvantari was an early Indian medical practitioner and one of the worlds first surgeons. Paper - II Microbiology and Pathology 245 Based on vedic traditions, he is regarded as the source of Ayurveda . He discovered the antisceptic property of turmeric and preservative property of salt. Dhanvantari is the poineer of modern medical practices like plastic surgery. All surgeries were performed without anaesthetic . Inspite of his crude methods he was reported to have a very high success rate. Fig. 1.2 Lord Dhavantari According to traditions he taught surgery methods and procedures to Sushrutha, the father of Ayurvedic surgery. Sushrutha (800 BCE) Before Common Era Sushrutha was an ancient Indian surgeon and is the author of the book Sushrutha Samhita, in which he describes over 300 surgical procedures, used 120 surgical instruments and classified human surgery in 8 categories. Sushrutha is also the father of plastic surgery and cosmotic surgery. His technique of forehead flap rhinoplasty (repairing the disfigured nose with a flap of skin from the forehead) is practised almost unchanged in techniques to this day. Fig. 1.3 Sushrutha 246 The Medical Lab Technician Charaka (600 BCE) Before Common Era Charaka sometimes spelled Caraka was one fo the principal contributors to the ancient art and science of Ayurveda, a system of medicine and life style developed in ancient India. Fig. 1.4 Charaka He is sometimes referred toas father of Indian Medicine. The term caraka is a label said to apply to wandering scholars or wandering physicians. Buddhist also claim that charaka was Buddhist. According to charakas translatins, health and diesease are not predetermined and lifestyle may be prolonged by human effort and attention to life style. Charaka was the first physician to present the concept of digestion, metabolism and immunity. Charaka knew the factors determining the sex of the child. A genetic defect in the child like lamesness or blindness. : he said was not due to any defect in the mother or the father but in the ovum or the sperm of the parents (an accepted fact today). Comparision of Indians Vedic Sages and Western and Europian Scientists The medical works of both Sushrutha and Charaka were translated into Arabic language during the Abbasid Caliphate (750 AD). These arabic translated, Sushrutha, charakas work made their way into Europe via intermediaries. The Arabic translations later into persian language helped to spread the science of Ayurveda far beyond india. In Italy the Branca family of sicily and Gaspro Taglia Cozzi (Bolgona) became familiar with the techniques of Sushrtha. British physicians travelled to India to see rhinoplasty being performed by native methods. From theabove facts it is very clear that India remained as Guru and Master to all the world nations not only in those ancient days and will remain like that for ever. Paper - II Microbiology and Pathology 247 Birds Eye view about medical Lab Technician Course 1. Subjects and their defition a) Biochemistry in both 1st and 2nd year. b) Microbiology and pathology in 1st year and Microbiology in 2nd year. c) Anatomy and Physiology in 1st year and Pathology in 2nd year. Biochemistry : Biochemistry is the science of study of biochemical reactions taking place in living matter. Microbiology : The branch of science dealing wit hthe study of microorganisms in called Microbiology. Anatomy : The branch of science dealing with the study of structures of human body is called as Anatomy. Physiology : The branch of science dealing with the study of functions of human body is called physiology Pathology : The branch of science dealing with the study of diseases is called pathology. 2. Role of Medical lab Technician Medical lab technician collect samples and performs tests to analyze body fluids, tissues and other substances. A medical lab technician searches for basic clues to the absence, presence, extent and causes of diseases. This skilled individual is responsible for performing lab tests efficiently and accurately for high quality patient care. Medical lab technicians are playing a vital role in the diagnosis and prevention of disease. Medical lab technician perform less complex tests and less lab procedures. Medical Lab Technician may • Collect specimens at specimen collecting centers • Prepare specimens and operate automated analysers • Perform manual tests in accordance with detailed instructions. • Work under the supervision of concerned dept heads or lab managers. 248 The Medical Lab Technician Medical lab Technicians should have the following other skills • Good analytical judgement and the ability to work under pressure • Utmost attention and care is essential for med lab technicians because small differences or changes in test substances or numerical readouts can be crucial to a diagnosis. • Mannual dexterity (skill in performing tests) and normal color vision are highly desirable. • Because of wide spread use of automated lab equipment, computer skills are important. 3. On the Job Training Both MLT 1st and 2nd year students will undergo OJT in the month of December every year, under the supervision of concerned class incharge lecturer for 30 days in the government hospitals or recognized well organized medical diagnostic center (preferably in government hospitals). 4. Apprenticeship Training The 2nd year MLT students will be given apprenticeship training for one year in the various medical laboratories in the district head quarters and in the surrounding places of that zone after the announcement of their 2nd year results, under the chairmanship of Board of apprenticeship Training (BOAT) Chennai with the assistance of SIVE staff and guidance (CIE, Nampally, Hyderbad). This apprenticeship training is a must for every MLT 2nd year student to get a job a government hospitals and primary health centers. 5. JOB Mela (Employment) The board of apprenticehsip training (BOAT) Chennai officers will conduct JOB mela every year in the month of june at zonal level in the state with the assitance of SIVE staff at a single stretch. Every MLT pass out 2nd year student should and must attend the JOB mela after completing their apprenticeship training. Only apprenticeship training completed fresh students will be given importance in the JOB Mela. Medical lab technicians course has a wide range of job potentiality and talented, hard working ,worthy students flourish like any thing and even pass out students also settle easily in their life. Paper - II Microbiology and Pathology 249 Definition of Microbiology The branch of science which deals with the study of microorganisms is called as microbiology. Medical Microbiology deals with the causative agents of infectious diseases of humans, their reactions to them and methods of protection against such diseases. Suggestions were made that diseases may result from invasion of the body by external contagion. Medical microbiology is related with the study of pathogens of man and his reactions to such infections caused by pathogens. Disease and death, both are inevitable to man and thats why attracted human mind. In the ancient times man trusted that, both disease and death are occuring in a cyclic process because of divine, supernatural forces. But Varo and Columella in the first century B.C. found that diseases were caused by invisible beings(Animalia minuta) when inhaled or ingested into the human body. Fracastorius of verona(1546) proposed a contagium vivum as one of the possible cause of infectious disease. Von Plenciz suggested that each disease caused by a separate causative agent. Till the microscope was invented there was no definite information about the Microbes, as they are invisible to the unaided eye. The credit for having first observed and reported about bacteria belongs to antony von Leeuwenhoek. It was only some two centuries later that their importance in biology and medicine as a whole came to be recognised. The development of Microbiology as a scientific discipline dates from Louis Pasteur who gave the basic principles and techniques of Microbiology. By the begining of twentieth century, many infectious diseases had been proved to be caused by bacteria. All the above situations made the microbiologists world wide to think in depth in the search of finding out various things related to the infections, its causative agents, cultures, culture media, various biochemical tests and finally lab diagnosis. Contributions of Famous Scientists in the Field of Microbiology Father Of Ancient Microbiology: 1.1 Antonyvan Leeuwenhoek Bacteria, and other microorganisms, were first observed by "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek" in 1676 using a single-lens microscope of his own design. In 250 The Medical Lab Technician doing so Leeuwenhoek made one of the most important discoveries in biology and initiated the scientific fields of bacteriology and microbiology. he is the first microbiologist. Fig. 1.5 Antony Van Leeuwenhoek He is best known for his work on the improvement of the microscope and for his contributions towards the establishment of microbiology. 1.2 Robert Koch Robert Koch was born on December11th 1843 in Germany. Robert Koch was the Father of medical microbiology and discovered the Bacteriology. Robert postulated the germ theory, has seperated the Anthrax Bacillus, tuberculosis, and Vibrio cholera. Robert Koch introduced the staining techniques. Robert Koch got the Noble Prize in Medicine in 1905. Robert Koch was died on 27th May 1910. Fig. 1.6 Robert Kuch Paper - II Microbiology and Pathology 251 1.3 Edward Jenner Edward Jenner was born on 17th May 1749 in London. Jenner used to study his natural surroundings. Edward Jenner was the Poineer of SmallPox Vaccine. Jenner is also sometimes called as the “Father of Immunology”. Edward Jenners Works gave the life to many than any others Works. Edward Jenner has prepared the Cow Pox Vaccine to protect the smallpox. Edward Jenner was died on 26th January 1823. Fig. 1.7 Edward Jenner 1.4 Joseph Lister Lister was born on 5th April1827 in United Kingdom.Lister was Famous for surgical sterile techniques.Lister used the Carbolic Acid in antiseptic surgery . Fig. 1.8 Joseph Lister 252 The Medical Lab Technician Lister confirmed Pasteurs conclusions(to eliminate the microorganisms responsible for gangrene by filtration, exposure to heat or exposure to chemical solutions) by conducting experiments on his own and developed the antiseptic techniques for Wounds. Lister died on February 10th 1912. 1.5 Louis Pasteur (Father of Modern Microbiology) Louis Pasteur is often referred to as the "Father of Microbiology" (along with scientist Robert Koch) for his contributions to discerning the cause and prevention of disease. He is best known for inventing the process of pasteurization, creating the first vaccine for rabies, and the germ theory of disease. Louis Pasteur was born on December 27th 1822 in France (Dole). He was a French Chemist and microbiologist.Pasteur was the first microbiologist to prepare the vaccine for the rabies and anthrax. Experiments of Pasteur supported the germ theory of disease. Pasteur invented the pasteurisation and sterilisation techniques. Pasteur is the one of the main founders of microbiology together with Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch.Pasteur explained about Fermentation theory.Pasteur worked in the fields of chemistry,mostly notably assymetry of certain crystals on the molecular basis.Pasteur died on september28th 1822 in France. Fig. 1.9 Louis Pasteur Conclusion Various Microbiologists across the globe reached the milestones with their utmost dedication in the field of Microbiology.Research is also going on in the field of BioTechnology.Microbiology is also becoming one of life sciences in our dialy life.From the above topics,we have observed that all scientists are from Europe.No body is putting efforts in the research fields of Microbiology from Asia continent by confining themselves only to class room teaching.