Microbiology for Nurses PDF
Preview Microbiology for Nurses
Microbiology for Nurses V. Deepa Parvathi Department of Human Genetics College of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research Sri Ramachandra University Porur, Chennai Tamil Nadu R. Sumitha Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Biomedical Sciences, Technology and Research Sri Ramachandra University Porur, Chennai Tamil Nadu S. Smitha C M Manguli Degree College Sindagi, Bijapur Karnataka Chennai • Delhi A01_MICROBIOLOGY_FOR_NURSES_5276_FM.indd 1 3/21/2014 5:04:56 PM No part of this eBook may be used or reproduced in any manner whatsoever without the publisher’s prior written consent. Copyright © 2014 Dorling Kindersley (India) Pvt. Ltd. This eBook may or may not include all assets that were part of the print version. The publisher reserves the right to remove any material in this eBook at any time. ISBN 978-93-325-2527-6 eISBN 978-93-325-4066-8 First Impression Head Office: 7th Floor, Knowledge Boulevard, A-8(A) Sector 62, Noida 201 309, India. Registered Office:11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India. MICROBIOLOGY_FOR_NURSES_Copyright Page.indd 1 9/2/2014 9:55:28 AM Dedicated to our beloved Parents and Friends A01_MICROBIOLOGY_FOR_NURSES_5276_FM.indd 3 3/21/2014 5:04:56 PM A01_MICROBIOLOGY_FOR_NURSES_5276_FM.indd 4 3/21/2014 5:04:56 PM Brief Contents Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Unit 1: introdUction 1 1 importance and relevance of Microbiology to nursing 3 2 role of a nurse in Microbiology 4 3 Historical Perspective 6 Unit 2: General cHaracteristics of Microbes 11 4 structure and classification of Microbes 13 5 Morphology—size and forms 28 6 flagella and Motility—Hanging drop technique 46 7 colonization, nutrition, and Growth of Microbes 51 8 culture Media 72 9 laboratory Methods for the identification of Microorganisms 82 10 staining techniques 97 Unit 3: infection control 111 11 sources, Portals, and transmission of infections 113 12 asepsis, disinfection, and sterilization—types and Methods 119 A01_MICROBIOLOGY_FOR_NURSES_5276_FM.indd 5 3/21/2014 5:04:56 PM vi | Brief Contents 13 chemotherapy and antibiotics 137 14 standard safety Measures and biomedical Waste Management 152 15 Hospital acquired infection and Hospital infection control Programme 163 Unit 4: PatHoGenic orGanisMs 175 16 bacteria 177 17 Viruses 231 18 fungi 258 19 Parasites 275 20 rodents and Vectors 285 Unit 5: iMMUnoloGy 295 21 immunity—classification 297 22 antigen and antibody reaction 304 23 Hypersensitivity reaction 311 24 serological tests 322 25 immunoprophylaxis 326 Glossary 333 Illustrations 341 Index 373 A01_MICROBIOLOGY_FOR_NURSES_5276_FM.indd 6 3/21/2014 5:04:56 PM Contents Foreword xxi Preface xxiii Unit 1: introdUction 1 1 importance and relevance of Microbiology to nursing 3 2 role of a nurse in Microbiology 4 3 Historical Perspective 6 3.1 Immunity and Vaccination 8 Multiple Choice Questions 9 Short Notes 10 Essay 10 Unit 2: General cHaracteristics of Microbes 11 4 structure and classification of Microbes 13 4.1 Introduction 13 4.1.1 Overview of Prokaryotic Cell Structure 14 4.1.2 Overview of Eukaryotic Cell Structure 14 4.2 Structure of Prokaryotic Cell 14 4.2.1 Intracellular Structures 14 4.2.2 Extracellular Structures 15 4.3 Shapes of Microbes 16 4.3.1 Advantages of Shape to the Cell 16 4.4 Structures Involved in Attachment 16 4.5 Classification of Microbes 17 4.5.1 Scientific Nomenclature (Binomial Nomenclature) 17 4.5.2 Taxonomic Hierarchy of Escherichia coli 17 4.5.3 Two-Kingdom Classification 18 A01_MICROBIOLOGY_FOR_NURSES_5276_FM.indd 7 3/21/2014 5:04:56 PM viii | Contents 4.5.4 Three-Kingdom System 18 4.5.5 Four-Kingdom System 18 4.5.6 Five-Kingdom System 18 4.5.7 Carl Woese’s Three-Domain System 20 4.6 Universal Tree of Life 22 4.7 Morphological Classification 23 4.8 Nutritional Classification 23 4.9 Biochemical Classification 24 4.10 Classification Based on Staining Reaction 24 4.11 Serological or Antigenic Classification 24 Multiple Choice Questions 24 Short Notes 26 Essays 27 5 Morphology—size and forms 28 5.1 Introduction 28 5.2 Bacterial Morphology 28 5.2.1 Size of Bacterial Cells 28 5.2.2 Shape of Bacterial Cells 29 5.2.3 Colony Morphology 30 5.3 Microscopy 31 5.3.1 Types of Microscopes 31 5.4 Anatomy of Bacteria 34 5.4.1 Architecture of a Bacterial Cell 35 5.4.2 Cell Wall-Deficient Bacteria 43 Multiple Choice Questions 43 Short Notes 44 Essays 45 6 flagella and Motility—Hanging drop technique 46 6.1 Bacterial Motility 46 6.1.1 Types of Bacterial Motility 46 6.2 Detection of Bacterial Motility 48 6.2.1 Flagellar Staining 48 6.2.2 Motility Test 48 6.2.3 Direct Microscopic Examination 48 6.3 Importance of Bacterial Motility 49 6.3.1 Chemotactic Behaviour 49 6.3.2 Root Colonization 49 6.3.3 Pathogenesis 49 A01_MICROBIOLOGY_FOR_NURSES_5276_FM.indd 8 3/21/2014 5:04:56 PM Contents | ix 6.3.4 Twitching Motility 49 Multiple Choice Questions 49 Short Notes 50 Essays 50 7 colonization, nutrition, and Growth of Microbes 51 7.1 Colonization of Bacteria 51 7.1.1 Invasiveness 51 7.1.2 Toxigenesis 51 7.1.3 Adherence of Bacteria 52 7.1.4 Pathogenicity 52 7.1.5 Wound Colonization 52 7.2 Microbial Nutrition 53 7.2.1 Autotrophic Bacteria 53 7.2.2 Heterotrophic Bacteria 54 7.2.3 Symbiotic Bacteria 54 7.2.4 Parasitic Bacteria 54 7.2.5 Major Elements 55 7.3 Microbial Growth 56 7.3.1 Growth Factors 57 7.3.2 Uptake of Nutrients by Bacteria 57 7.3.3 Growth Curve 60 7.3.4 Continuous Culture 62 7.3.5 Synchronous Growth 63 7.4 Influence of Environmental Factors on Microbial Growth 64 7.4.1 Water Acidity and Solutes 64 7.4.2 Temperature 65 7.4.3 Oxygen Requirement 67 7.4.4 pH 68 7.4.5 Pressure 68 7.4.6 Radiation 68 Multiple Choice Questions 69 Short Notes 71 Essays 71 8 culture Media 72 8.1 Introduction 72 8.2 History of Culture Media 72 8.3 Importance of Culture Media 73 8.4 Common Components Used in Culture Media 73 A01_MICROBIOLOGY_FOR_NURSES_5276_FM.indd 9 3/21/2014 5:04:56 PM
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