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Microbiology And Biochemistry r "This page is Intentionally Left Blank" MICROBIOLOGY ANn BIOCHEMISTRY Dr. Madan Lal Bagdi MANGLAM PUBLICATIONS DELHI-II0053 (INDIA) Published by: MANGLAM PUBLICATIONS L-2111, Street No. 5, Shivaji Marg, Near Kali Mandir, J.P. Nagar, Kartar Nagar, West Ghonda, Delhi -110053 Phone: 9968367559,9868572512 Email: [email protected] manglam. [email protected] Microbiology And Biochemistry ©Reserved First Edition: 2009 ISBN 978-81-906785-0-6 All rights reserved no part oft his work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, phtocopying, recording or otherwise, with out the prior permission in writting from publisher oft his book. PRINTED IN INDIA Published by D. P. Yadav for Manglam Publications, Delhi-110053, Printed at Sachin Printers, Moujpur Delhi-53 Preface The present title Microbiology and Biochemistry is an authoritative text book compilated for under-graduate and post-graduate students of various Indian Universities offering this subject. It would· be equally useful as a text in courses in molecular biolo,gy, pharmacology and certain other desciplines of biology. All kinds ofmicroorganisms have been touched to create an impression about the divl!rsity. The scope and practices of using different micro-orgabisms have been shown which may attract future generation. The enormous prospect of application of microbiology and biochemistry have been indicated The author expresses his thanks to all those friends, colleagues, and research scholars whose continuous inspirations have initiated him to bring this title. The author wishes to thank the Manglam Publications, printer and staff mambers for bringing out this book. Constructive criticisms and suggestions for iniprovement of the book will be thankfully acknowledged. Author "This page is Intentionally Left Blank" Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................... 1-35 1.1 Host-Parasite Relations ........................................ 2 1.2 Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections ............................. 4 1.3 Laboratory Procedures ......................................... 5 1.4 Procedures for Intestinal Parasites ........................... 6 1.4.1 Collection and Handling of Fecal Specimens ... 6 1.4.2 Gross Examination of Feces ...................... 8 1.5 Procedures for Microscopic Examination ..................................... 8 1.5.1 Calibration and Use of an Ocular Micrometer. 9 1.5.3 Direct Wet Mount.. ............................... lG 1.5.4 Concentration Procedures ........................ 12 1.5.5 Permanent Stains .................................. 17 (ii) Unpreserved specimens with PV A fixative .................................. 18 (iii) PV A fixative-preserved specimens ......... 18 1.5.6 Egg Counts ......................................... 21 1.5.7 Duodenal Material ................................ 21 1.5.8 Sigmoidoscopic Material ......................... 12 1.5.9 Abscess Material ................................ , . 22 1.5.10 Cellophane Tape ................................... 23 1.5.11 Examination of Cellophane Tape ................ 23 1.5.12 Culture for Amoebae ............................ ,. 23 1.5.13 Larval Maturation ................................. 24 1.5.14 Adult Worms ....................................... 25 1.6 Blood and Tissue Parasites ................................... 25 (i) (ii) CONTENTS 1.7 Collection and Handling of Blood Specimens .............. 7fj 1.7.1 Tissue ............................................... Z7 1.7.2 Aspirates of Bone Marrow or Spleen ........... 28 1.7.3 Fluids ............................................... 28 1. 7.4 Skin Snips .......................................... 28 l. 7.5 Concentration Procedures for Blood ............. 28 1.7.6 Membrane Filter Concentration for Filariae .. 19 1.7.7 Saponin Lysis Concentration for Filariae ...... 19 1.8 Staining Procedures ........................................... 30 l.8.1 Giemsa Stain Procedure .......................... 30 1.8.2 Gram-Weigert Stain Procedure .................. 30 1.8.3 Culture Procedures for Blood and Tissue Para- sites ................................................. 31 1.9 Urine ............................................................ 32 1.10 Sputum .......................................................... 32 1.11 V Aginal Material ............................................. 32 1.12 Referral of Materials ....................... ~ ................. 32 1.13 Safety ........................................................... 33 1.14 Quality Assurance ............................................. 35 2. Origin of Microbiology .......................................... 36--51 2.1 Beginnings of Microscopy .................................... 37 2.2 The First Microscopes ........................................ 38 2.3 Microorganisms and the Origin of Life .............................................. 42 2.4 "Diseases" of Wines .......................................... 46 2.5 Pasteurization .................................................. 47 2.6 Pasteur on Specificity of Disease ........................... 48 2.7 Pasteur of Spontaneous Generation .......................... 48 2.8 Modem Style ................................................... 49 2.9 Chemical Evolution ........................................... 49 3. Microbiology of Fungi ....••.......•.....••.......•....•........• 52--82 3.1 Characterization ............................................... 52 3.2 Collection and Storage of Specimens ....................... 53 3.3 Direct Exainination ........................................... 53 3.4 Culture and Isolation .......................................... 56 3.5. Identification ................................................... 63 CONTENTS (iii) 3.5.1 Aureobasidium Spp ................................ 70 3.5.2 Cladosporium Spp ................................. 70 3.5.3 Curvularia Spp ..................................... 71 3.5.4 Drechslera Spp ................... _. ............... 72 3.5.5 Exophiala Spp ...................................... 74 3.5.6 Fonsecaea spp ...................................... 76 3.5.7 Phaeococcomyces Spp ............................. 77 3.5.8 Phialophora Spp .................................... 78 3.5.9 Rhinocladiella Spp ................................ 79 3.5.10 Scedosporium Spp. . ............................... 79 3.5.11 Scytalidium Spp .................................... ~ 3.5.12 Sporothrix Spp. . ................................... ~ 4. Microbiology of Bacteria ...................•.................. 83-105 4.1 Shape of Bacteria ............................... " ...... '" .... S4 4.1.1 Size of Bacteria ................................... 85 4.2 The Bacterial Cell ............................................ 87 4.2.1 Cytoplasmic Membrane .......................... 87 4.2.2 Cell Wall ........................................... 88 4.2.3 Capsules ............................................ 89 4.2.4 Polysaccharide Structures ........................ 92 4.2.5 Nucleus ............................................. 92 4.2.6 Metachromatic Granules ......................... C)l 4.2.7 Fat Globules ....................................... 95 4.2.8 Motility ............................................. 95 4.2.9 Motion of Colonies ................................ 99 5. Microbiology of Viruses .............................•........ 106-167 5.1 The Nature of the Virus Particle. ... ..... .... ....... ...... 108 5.2 The Classification of Viruses .............................. 115 5.3 The Virus Host .............................................. 116 5.4 Quantification of Viruses ................................... 117 5.5 General Features of Virus Reproduction ................. 120 5.6 Early Events of Virus Multiplication ..................... 123 5.7 Viral Genetics ............................................... 128 5.8 General Overview of Bacterial Viruses .................. 130 5.9 RNA Bacteriophages ........................................ 131