Microbial Toxins: Tools in Enzymology

482 Pages·1988·9.999 MB·English

by  Sidney Harshman (Eds.)

Contributors to Volume 165
Article numbers are in parentheses following the names of contributors.
Affiliations listed are current.
HPESOJ E. ALOUF (8, 9, 10, 14, 41), Unit~ J. THOMAS BUCKLEY (27), Department of
des AntigOnes Bactdriens (UA CNRS Biochemistry and Microbiology, Univer-
557), Institute Pasteur-Unite Associde, sity of Victoria, Victoria, British Colum-
42757 Paris Cedex ,51 France aib V8W 2Y2, Canada
JOHN P. TTONHTUBRA (5, 46, 48), Depart- NEHPETS F. LLORRAC (11, 31), Department
ment of Microbiology, Moyne Institute, of Protein Chemistry, XOMA Corpora-
Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland tion, Berkeley, California 01749
REHPOTSIRHC J. BAILEY (5), Department of PAUL CASSIDY (1), Cardiac Muscle Re-
Biochemistry, Moyne Institute, Trinity search Laboratory, Boston University
College, Dublin ,2 Ireland School of Medicine, Boston, Massachu-
HPESOJ T. IREIBRAB (l l), Department of setts 81120
Microbiology, Medical College of Wis- S. J. IREILAVAC (20), Department of Medi-
consin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 62235 cal Microbiology, Creighton University
MERLIN S. BERGDOLL (44, 45), Food Re- School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
search Institute, University of Wisconsin- 87186
Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 60735 JENIEER COBURN (35), Sackler School of
ALAN W. BERNHEIMER (30), Professor Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University,
Emeritus--Microbiology, New York Uni- Department of Microbiology, Boston,
versity School of Medicine, New York, Massachusetts 11120
New York 61001 R. JOHN COLLIER (ll, 31), Department of
TIRAHCUS BHAKDI (40), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Molecular Genetics
Microbiology, University of Giessen, -D and the Shipley Institute of Medicine,
6300 Giessen, Federal Republic of Ger- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massa-
many chusetts 51120
T. YRRAH KCEBKRIB (3), Department of -iM YRRAL W. DANIEL (42), Department of -DiB
crobiology, Anderson College, ehT Uni- chemistry, Bowman Gray School of -ideM
versity of Glasgow, Glasgow GI1 6NU, cine of Wake Forest University, Winston-
Scotland Salem, North Carolina 30172
ARBED A. AAMATUAH-RETSMOLB (6), De- ECYOJ C. S. ED AZAVEDO (5, 46, 48), De-
partment of Microbiology, University of partment of Microbiology, Moyne Insti-
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota tute, Trinity College, Dublin ,2 Ireland
55455
RUHTRA EFLOR-EUHONOD (22, 33, 36), -iD
G. A. BOHACH (20, 43), Department of -iM vision of Geographic Medicine, Depart-
crobiology, Medical School, University of ment of Medicine, Tufts University
Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota School of Medicine, Boston, Massachu-
55455 setts 11120
ix
X CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 165
JOHN H. FREER (3), Department of Microbi- IWAO KATO (4), Second Department of Mi-
ology, Anderson College, The University crobiology, Chiba University School of
of Glasgow, Glasgow Gl l 6NU, Scotland Medicine, 1-8-1, lnohana, Chiba 280,
AHTlWSOR FOSSLE (40), Institute of Medical Japan
Microbiology, University of Giessen, D- MARTHA KENNEDY (42), Department of
6300 Giessen, Federal Republic of Ger- Biochemistry, Bowman Gray School of
many Medicine of Wake Forest University,
ENAITSIRHC YOREEOEG (8, 10), Unitd des Winston-Salem, North Carolina 30172
Antigdnes Bactdriens (UA CNRS 557), ln- GERALD T. KEUSCH (22, 33, 36), Depart-
stitut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex ,51 ment of Medicine, Division of Geographic
France Medicine, Tufts University School of
D. MICHAEL GILL (34, 35), Department of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 11120
Molecular Biology and Microbiology, LYNN KING (42), Department of Biochemis-
Tufts University Schools of Medicine, try, Bowman Gray School of Medicine of
Dental Medicine, and Veterinary Medi- Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem,
cine, Boston, Massachusetts 11120 North Carolina 30172
YRRAL D. GRAY (25), Department of Micro- ARDNEHAM H. YRAHTOK (25), Department
biology and Immunology, Bowman Gray of Microbiology and Immunology, Bow-
School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, man Gray School of Medicine, Winston-
North Carolina 30172 Salem, North Carolina 30172
DRAHCIR N. GREBNEERG 09), Department KENNETH J. KOZAK (21), Department of
of Internal Medicine, Division of Infec- Microbiology and Molecular Genetics,
tious Diseases, Saint Louis University University of Cincinnati College of Medi-
School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Mis- cine, Cincinatti, Ohio 4250-76254
souri 40136 ARNOLD S. KREGER (25), Department of
SIDNEY NAMHSRAH (1), Department of Mi- Microbiology and Immunology, Bowman
crobiology, Vanderbilt University School Gray School of Medicine, Winston-
of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 23273 Salem, North Carolina 30172
NEHPETS H. LEPPLA (16), U.S. Army Medi-
S. PETER HOWARD (27), Centre de Biochi-
cal Research Institute of Infectious Dis-
mie et de Biologie Moldculaire, Centre
eases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland
National de al Recherche Scientifique, 13
1105-10712
Ch. J. Auguier, 20431 Marseille, France
NAHTANOJ J. LIPMAN (37, 38), Division of
JOHN J. IANDOLO (7), Division of Biology,
Nephrology, Departments of Medicine
Kansas State University, Manhattan,
and Surgery, Vanderbilt University
Kansas 60566
School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
YRAM JACEWICZ (22, 33), Division of Geo- 23273
graphic Medicine and Infectious Dis- ASA LJUNGH (28), Department of Medical
eases, Department of Medicine, New Microbiology, University of Lund, S-223
England Medical Center, Boston, Massa- 26 Lund, Sweden
chusetts 11120
ENIREHTAC LORIDAN (9), Unitd des Anti-
ETTELOC DUANYER-TEVILOJ (13, 41), Unitd gdnes Bactdriens (UA CNRS 557), Insti-
des Antigdnes Bactdriens (UA CNRS tute Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex ,51
557), lnstitut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex France
,51 France
REGOR N. LUCKEN (48), Viral Vaccine and
ANNE V. KANE (22), Grasp Center, Depart- Monoclonal Antibody Production,
ment of Medicine, New England Medical Wellcome Biotech, Beckenham, Kent
Center, Boston, Massachusetts 11120 BR33BS, England
CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 165 xi
BRUCE A. MCCLANE (15), Department of JEFFRY REIDLER (52), Westinghouse Elec-
Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecu- tric Co., Waltz Mill Site, Madison, PA
lar Biology, University of Pittsburgh 6820-36651
School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsyl- JOHN P. NOSNXBOR (52, 13), Department of
vania 16251 Microbiology, Vanderbilt University,
SEMAJ L. MCDONEL (15), Department of Bi- Nashville, TN 23273
ology, Indiana University at South Bend, ABDUL M. K. SAEED (19), Department of
South Bend, Indiana 61664 Epidemiology, School of Public Health
and Community Medicine, University of
JOHN J. SONALAKEM (24), Department of
Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Washington, Seattle, Washington 59189
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massa- ENIRAHTAC B. REGNILEAS (21, 32), Depart-
chusetts 51120 ment of Microbiology and Molecular -eG
netics, University of Cincinnati College of
JOHN L. KOORBELDDIM (12), Department of
Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 4250-76264
,ygolonixoT U.S. Army Medical Research ln-
situte of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, P. M. TREVEILHCS (6, 43, 47), Department
Frederick, Maryland 1105-10712 of Microbiology, University of Minne-
sota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
CESARE OCCUCETNOM (49), Centro C.N.R.
JAMES J. SCHMIDT (12), Department of -oT
enarbmemoiB and Dipartimento di Scienze
,ygolonix U.S. Army Medical Research Insti-
Biomediche, Universitd id Padova, aiV
tute of Infectious Diseases, Fort ,kcirreD
etseirT ,13153 Padova, Italy
,kcirederF Maryland 1105-10712
SAMOHT C. MONTIE (23), Department of LANCE L. SIMPSON (12), Departments of
Microbiology, University of Tennessee,
Medicine and Pharmacology, Jefferson
Knoxville, Tennessee 5480-69973
Medical College, Philadelphia, Pennsyl-
~IVREH MOREAU (14, 41), Unitd des Anti- vania 70191
gdnes Bact(riens (UA CNRS 557), lnsti- I. S. SNYDER (20), Department of Microbi-
tut Pasteur, 42757 Paris Cedex ,51 France ology and Immunology, West Virginia
University Medical Center, Morgantown,
IHSOTASAM NODA (4), Department of Bac-
West Virginia 60562
terial Infection, Institute of Medical Sci-
ence, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1, Shiro- YCNAN SUGG (1), Department of -loiborciM
kanedai, Minato-ku, Toyko 108, Japan ogy, Vanderbilt University School of
Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 23273
SAMOHT N. OELTMANN (29, 36), Oncology
Division, Department of Medicine, Van- ANDREAS SZIEGOLEIT (40), Institute of
derbilt University Medical School, Nash- Medical Microbiology, University of
ville, Tennessee 23273 Giessen, D-6300 Giessen, Federal Repub-
cil of Germany
V. Y. PERERA (18), Clinical Division, Bio-
IMUEIHSOY TAKEDA (26), ehT Institute of
Rad Laboratories, Hercules, California
Medical Science, ehT University of -oT
74549
kyo, 4-6-1, Shirokanedai Minato-ku, -oT
ANDREW G. PLAUT (17), Division of Gastro- kyo 108, Japan
enterology, Department of Medicine, ACINOM THELESTAM (39), Department of
Tufts-New England Medical Center, Bos- Bacteriology, Karolinska Institatet, S-104
ton, Massachusetts 11120 1O Stockholm, Sweden
MICHEL PLOMMET (2), Department of Ani- NEGROJ NESNEJ-MUNART (40, 50, 51), Anat-
mal Pathology, Institut National de al Re- omy Institute ,C University of Copenha-
cherche Agronomique (1NRA), Centre ed gen, ehT Panum Institute, DK-2200 -oC
Tours-Nouzilly, 37380 Nouzilly, France penhagen N, Denmark
xii CONTRIBUTORS TO VOLUME 165
YENDOR K. TWETEN (7), Department of Mi- RONALD G. WILEY (29, 36), Neurology De-
crobiology and Immunology, University partment, VAMC, and Vanderbilt Univer-
of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, sity School of Medicine, Nashville, Ten-
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 09137 nessee 21273
NYLIRAM SILAKLOOW (34, 35), Department
LEKROT WADSTROM (28), Department of of Pharmacology, University of Pennsyl-
Medical Microbiology, University of vania School of Medicine, Philadelphia,
Lund, S-223 26 Lund, Sweden Pennsylvania 40191
Preface
Microbial toxins are being used as precise tools to dissect biochemical
pathways and to elucidate complex chemical structures. They have been
exploited to define GTP-binding proteins, to characterize lipid structures in
membranes, and to selectively permeabilize cells, to mention but a few
applications. This volume is a convenient source both for methods of pre-
paring a variety of microbial toxins and for their assay.
The book has been divided into two sections. Methods for the prepara-
tion of various toxins are reported in the first section. Emphasis is on sim-
plicity of the procedure and the purity of biological activity rather than on
physical chemical purity. For convenience, the toxins have been grouped
under the classification of the organisms that produce them. Included are
examples of hemolysins, proteases, protein synthesis inhibitors, ADP-
ribosyltransferases, lipases, enterotoxins, neurotoxins, and the construc-
tion of a toxin hybrid molecule. The second section is devoted to descrip-
tions of different ways of measuring the biochemical or physiological
activities of the various toxins. It begins with a general procedure for the
assay of hemolysins followed by more specific methods for assaying inhibi-
tion of protein synthesis, ADP-ribosylating activity, neurotoxic actions,
membrane permeabilization, lipases, enterotoxins, and special assays for
TSST-1. The section concludes with a description for photolabeling of mem-
brane-penetrating toxins, the electron microscopic study of toxins, and the
analysis of two-dimensional crystals of toxins.
I would like to express my appreciation to the contributors for their
participation in this venture and for generously sharing their expertise. I
thank also the competent and courteous staff of Academic Press for their
efforts and advice.
SIDNEY HARSHMAN
xiii
METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY
EDITED BY
Sidney P. Colowick and Nathan .O Kaplan
VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY
SCHOOL OF MEDICINE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE AT SAN DIEGO
LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA
I. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes
II. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes
III. Preparation and Assay of Substrates
IV. Special Techniques for the Enzymologist
V. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes
VI. Preparation and Assay of Enzymes )deunitnoC(
Preparation and Assay of Substrates
Special Techniques
VII. Cumulative Subject Index
VX
METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY
EDITORS-IN-CHIEF
Sidney P. Colowick and Nathan O. Kaplan
EMULOV VIII. Complex Carbohydrates
Edited by ELIZABETH F. NEUFELD AND VICTOR GINSBURG
VOLUME IX. etardyhobraC Metabolism
Edited by WILLIS A. WOOD
EMULOV X. Oxidation and Phosphorylation
Edited by RONALD W. KOORBATSE AND MAYNARD E. PULLMAN
VOLUME XI. Enzyme Structure
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS
EMULOV XII. Nucleic Acids (Parts A and B)
Edited by LAWRENCE GROSSMAN AND KIVIE MOLDAVE
EMULOV XIII. Citric Acid Cycle
Edited by J. M. NIETSNEWOL
EMULOV XIV. Lipids
Edited by J. M. NIETSNEWOL
EMULOV XV. Steroids and Terpenoids
Edited by RAYMOND B. CLAYTON
VOLUME XVI. Fast Reactions
Edited by KENNETH NITSUK
EMULOV XVII. Metabolism of Amino Acids and Amines (Parts A and B)
Edited by HERBERT ROBAT AND CELIA WHITE TABOR
xvii
xviii METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY
EMULOV XVIII. Vitamins and Coenzymes (Parts A, B, and C)
Edited by DLANOD B. KCIMROCCM DNA LEMUEL D. THGIRW
EMULOV XIX. Proteolytic Enzymes
Edited by EDURTREG E. NNAMLREP DNA LASZLO DNAROL
EMULOV XX. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part C)
Edited by KIVIE EVADLOM DNA ECNERWAL NAMSSORG
EMULOV XXI. Nucleic Acids (Part D)
Edited yb ECNERWAL NAMSSORG DNA KIVIE EVADLOM
EMULOV XXII. Enzyme Purification and Related Techniques
Edited by WILLIAM I. YBOKAJ
EMULOV XXIII. Photosynthesis (Part A)
Edited by YNOHTNA NAS ORTEIP
EMULOV XXIV. Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation (Part B)
Edited by YNOHTNA NAS ORTEIP
EMULOV XXV. Enzyme Structure (Part B)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV XXVI. Enzyme Structure (Part C)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV XXVII. Enzyme Structure (Part D)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV XXVIII. Complex Carbohydrates (Part B)
Edited by ROTCIV GRUBSNIG
EMULOV XXIX. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part E)
Edited by ECNERWAL NAMSSORG DNA KIVIE EVADLOM
EMULOV XXX. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part F)
Edited by KIVIE EVADLOM DNA ECNERWAL NAMSSORG
EMULOV XXXI. Biomembranes (Part A)
Edited by SIDNEY REHCSIELF DNA LESTER REKCAP
xix
METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY
EMULOV XXXII. Biomembranes (Part B)
Edited by YENDIS REHCSIELF DNA RETSEL REKCAP
EMULOV XXXIII. Cumulative Subject Index Volumes I-XXX
Edited yb AHTRAM G. SINNED DNA DRAWDE A. SINNED
EMULOV XXXIV. Affinity Techniques (Enzyme Purification: Part B)
Edited yb WILLIAM B. YBOKAJ DNA MEIR KEHCLIW
EMULOV XXXV. Lipids (Part B)
Edited yb JOHN M. NIETSNEWOL
EMULOV XXXVI. Hormone Action (Part A: Steroid Hormones)
Edited by BERT W. O'MALLEY DNA JOEL G. NAMDRAH
EMULOV XXXVII. Hormone Action (Part B: Peptide Hormones)
Edited yb BERT W. O'MALLEY DNA JOEL G. NAMDRAH
EMULOV XXXVIII. Hormone Action (Part C: Cyclic Nucleotides)
Edited yb JOEL G. NAMDRAH DNA BERT W. O'MALLEY
EMULOV XXXIX. Hormone Action (Part D: Isolated Cells, Tissues, and
Organ Systems)
Edited yb JOEL G. NAMDRAH DNA BERT W. O'MALLEY
EMULOV XL. Hormone Action (Part E: Nuclear Structure and Function)
Edited by BERT W. O'MALLEY DNA JOEL G. NAMDRAH
EMULOV XLI. Carbohydrate Metabolism (Part B)
Edited by W. A. DOOW
EMULOV XLII. Carbohydrate Metabolism (Part )C
Edited by W. A. DOOW
EMULOV XLIII. Antibiotics
Edited by JOHN H. HSAH
EMULOV XLIV. Immobilized Enzymes
Edited by KLAUS HCABSOM
EMULOV XLV. Proteolytic Enzymes (Part B)
Edited by LASZLO DNAROL
XX METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY
EMULOV XLVI. Affinity Labeling
Edited by WILLIAM B. YBOKAJ DNA MEIR KEHCLIW
EMULOV XLVII. Enzyme Structure (Part E)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV XLVIII. Enzyme Structure (Part F)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV XLIX. Enzyme Structure (Part G)
Edited by C. H. W. HIRS DNA EGRES N. FFEHSAMIT
EMULOV L. Complex Carbohydrates (Part C)
Edited by ROTCIV GRUBSNIG
EMULOV LI. Purine and Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism
Edited by AICIRTAP A. HOFFEE DNA YRAM ELLEN SENOJ
EMULOV LII. Biomembranes (Part C: Biological Oxidations)
Edited by SIDNEY REHCSIELF DNA LESTER REKCAP
EMULOV LIII. Biomembranes (Part D: Biological Oxidations)
Edited by SIDNEY REHCSIELF DNA LESTER REKCAP
EMULOV LIV. Biomembranes (Part E: Biological Oxidations)
Edited by SIDNEY REHCSIELF DNA LESTER REKCAP
EMULOV LV. Biomembranes (Part F: Bioenergetics)
Edited by YENDIS REHCSIELF DNA LESTER REKCAP
EMULOV LVI. Biomembranes (Part G: Bioenergetics)
Edited by SIDNEY REHCSIELF DNA LESTER REKCAP
EMULOV LVII. Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence
Edited by ENELRAM A. DELUCA
EMULOV LVIII. Cell Culture
Edited by WILLIAM B. YBOKAJ DNA ARI NATSAP
EMULOV LIX. Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis (Part G)
Edited by KIVIE EVADLOM DNA ECNERWAL NAMSSORG