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Prasenjit Debbarma Saurabh Kumar Deep Chandra Suyal Ravindra Soni Editors Microbial Technology for Sustainable E-waste Management Microbial Technology for Sustainable E-waste Management · · Prasenjit Debbarma Saurabh Kumar · Deep Chandra Suyal Ravindra Soni Editors Microbial Technology for Sustainable E-waste Management Editors Prasenjit Debbarma Saurabh Kumar Department of Botany ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Iswar Chandra Vidyasagar College Region Tripura University Patna, Bihar, India Belonia, Tripura, India Ravindra Soni Deep Chandra Suyal Department of Agricultural Microbiology Department of Microbiology College of Agriculture Akal College of Basic Sciences Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Eternal University Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India Baru Sahib, Himachal Pradesh, India ISBN 978-3-031-25677-6 ISBN 978-3-031-25678-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25678-3 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface Tremendous technological advancement and a sharp rise in the use of electronic gadgets and items around the globe make e-waste a burning issue. The burden of multifaceted e-waste collection and its proper management is becoming a daunting task to the digital society. Conventional management strategies have a serious setback in terms of security, and safety to the environment as well as human health is a concern. Therefore, the world needs eco-friendly, cost-effective, and sustainable approaches to address this issue on an urgent basis. To this end, microbial technology is a promising tool to curve this burden in a sustainable manner as we have already known about the bioremediation potential of diverse microbes towards xenobiotics polymers and heavy metals over the past few decades. The present book documents the latest innovations and technological advancements in the field of bioremediation of e-waste, especially for its assessment and roles of diverse microbes for its sustainable management. It comprises 21 chapters, starting with the current e-waste scenario, challenges, and associated opportunities. It is followed by the role of microorganisms in the bioremediation of hazardous materials as well as precious and other heavy metals associated with e-waste. Further, the bioremediation process and its various strategies are also being discussed. Further, the recent advancements in bacteria-, algae-, and fungi-mediated e-waste management are also covered in the book. The role of genetically modified microorganisms in bioremediation is also covered. Besides these, the role of biotechnological approaches for the valorization of precious metals from e-waste is included at the end that must be explored in future. Conclusively, this book, besides discussing challenges and opportunities, reveals the microbe–metal interactions and strategies for e-waste remediation in a different ecosystem. Belonia, India Prasenjit Debbarma Patna, India Saurabh Kumar Baru Sahib, India Deep Chandra Suyal Raipur, India Ravindra Soni v Contents 1 Current Scenario on Conventional and Modern Approaches Towards Eco-friendly Electronic Waste Management ............. 1 Ponnusamy Karthika, G. K. Dinesh, Velusamy Sathya, Sangilidurai Karthika, Murugaiyan Sinduja, Sangilidurai Kiruthiga, Sudha Kannojiya, P. Sakthi Priya, Shiv Prasad, and Ravindra Soni 2 Electronic Waste and Their Management Strategies .............. 45 Madhumita Ghosh Datta 3 E-waste Management Practices in India: Challenges and Approaches ............................................... 63 Puneeta Pandey and Raj Kumar Singh 4 Bioleaching for Heavy Metal Extraction from E-waste: A Sustainable Approach ....................................... 75 Vaanie Godbole, Sweta Kukrety, Pankaj Gautam, Manisha Bisht, and Manoj Kumar Pal 5 Bioremediation Strategies for Sustainable E-waste Management ... 87 Hemant Sharma and Arun Kumar Rai 6 Challenges and Approaches in E-waste Management ............. 101 Nazrin Ullah 7 Bioremediation: A Sustainable Way for E-waste Management ..... 113 Hemant Dasila, Damini Maithani, Pragati Srivastava, and Manisha Kabdwal 8 Role of Bacteria for the Recovery of Precious Metals from E-waste ................................................. 127 Dipika Jaspal, Smita Jadhav, and Prashant Mahajan 9 Importance of Microorganisms in Metal Recovery from E-waste ... 145 Parth Chaudhary, Manu Pant, Somya Sinha, and Kumud Pant vii viii Contents 10 Bioleaching: A Sustainable Resource Recovery Strategy for Urban Mining of E-waste ................................... 157 Geeta Bhandari, Sanjay Gupta, Parul Chaudhary, Shalu Chaudhary, and Saurabh Gangola 11 Microbial Degradation of E-plastics in Diverse Ecosystems ........ 177 Ambika, Charul Kainthola, Seema Singh, Manoj Kumar, Amit Pandey, Maneesh S. Bhandari, and Shailesh Pandey 12 Metal Bioleaching from E-waste Using Fungal Communities ...... 201 Varun Dhiman 13 Association of Algae to Water Pollution and Waste Water Treatment .............................................. 213 Rakesh Pant, Amit Gupta, Simran Srivastava, Arsh Singh, and Nirmal Patrick 14 E-waste and Its Management by Using Algae .................... 231 J. P. Shabaaz Begum, Leirika Ngangom, Divya Venugopal, Balwant Rawat, and Janhvi Mishra Rawat 15 Bioremediation of E-waste Through Microbial Exopolysaccharides: A Perspective .............................. 245 Prasenjit Debbarma, Deep Chandra Suyal, Saurabh Kumar, Divya Joshi, Manali Singh, Jyoti Rajwar, Balwant Rawat, Hemant Dasila, Damini Maithani, and Ravindra Soni 16 Genetically Modified Microbes in E-waste Management: A Perspective ................................................. 259 Preeti, Akshita Raj, Namini Joshi, Janhvi Mishra Rawat, Satya Tapas, Bhabjit Pattnaik, and Balwant Rawat 17 Recent Trends in Biomining Microorganisms for Solid Waste Management .................................................. 273 Pragati Srivastava 18 Plant–Bacteria Interaction in the Recovery of Metals from Electronic Waste ......................................... 287 Guadalupe Díaz-Domínguez, Bárbara Paulet Domínguez-Capitaine, María Esther Díaz-Martínez, and Rosalba Argumedo-Delira 19 E-waste Management: Prospects and Strategies .................. 303 Ashish Chalana, Kalpana Singh, Shashank Sharma, Vikas Bhardwaj, and Rakesh Kumar Rai 20 Role of Biotechnological Approaches for the Valorization of Precious Metals from E-waste ................................ 319 Rashmi Upadhyay and Perumalla Janaki Ramayya Contents ix 21 A Summary of the Role of Microorganisms in Waste Management .................................................. 337 Rakesh Pant, Amit Gupta, Arsh Singh, Simran Srivastava, and Nirmal Patrick Chapter 1 Current Scenario on Conventional and Modern Approaches Towards Eco-friendly Electronic Waste Management Ponnusamy Karthika, G. K. Dinesh, Velusamy Sathya, Sangilidurai Karthika, Murugaiyan Sinduja, Sangilidurai Kiruthiga, Sudha Kannojiya, P. Sakthi Priya, Shiv Prasad, and Ravindra Soni Abstract In the leap of electronic vehicle era, an enormous amount of electronic trash is produced due to the growing usage of electrical and electronic devices (e- waste), which is one of the ever-increasing urgent issues, especially in developing nations. Many e-wastes are buried, burned outdoors, or discharged into surface water bodies in these nations since there is no infrastructure to handle them properly. Many developing countries currently use inefficient and highly polluting recycling techniques. Several harmful compounds of e-wastes are detrimental to the environment and endanger human health if disposal processes are not carefully handled. Design P. Karthika · S. Kannojiya · S. Prasad Department of Microbiology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar 125004, India B G. K. Dinesh ( ) Division of Environment Science, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi 110012, India e-mail: [email protected] V. Sathya Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board, Chennai 600032, India S. Karthika Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641003, India M. Sinduja National Agro Foundation, Chennai 600113, India S. Kiruthiga Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India P. Sakthi Priya Department of Plant Pathology, Central Agricultural University, East Khasi Hills, Meghalaya 793104, India R. Soni Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492012, India © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2023 1 P. Debbarma et al. (eds.), Microbial Technology for Sustainable E-waste Management, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-25678-3_1 2 P.Karthikaetal. for environment cleaner production, extended producer responsibility, standards and labelling, product stewardship, recycling, and remanufacturing are some strategies many nations take to cope with the e-waste stream. This chapter discusses an overview of traditional (landfills and dumps, recycling, thermo-chemical treatment, pyromet- allurgical treatment, bio-sorption, bioleaching, bioremediation methods, phytoreme- diation) and modern techniques (life cycle assessment (LCA), material flow analysis (MFA), and multi-criteria analysis (MCA)) in e-waste management that contribute to the eco-friendly, sustainable management of e-waste. · · · · Keywords E-wastes Heavy metals Remediation E-wastes management E-wastes recycling 1.1 Introduction Electronic wastes (e-wastes) are the remnants of electrical or electronic equipment such as computers, mobile phones, TVs, fans, washers, and dryers that have been abandoned (Rautela et al. 2021). Approximately, 17.4% of the e-waste gener- ated globally in 2019 was properly disposed or recycled. However, the fate of the remaining 82.6% may be disposed without sufficient treatment or recycling since it was not recorded. The development of e-waste worldwide is vital due to the enormous demand for electronic goods in contemporary society. Managing e-waste requires efficient techniques and management means because e-wastes possess of several hazardous components in the form of halogenated compounds like poly- chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), etc., and these toxic materials that are harmful to plants, microbes, and humans (Kaifie et al. 2020). The issue is made worse because the informal sector in developing nations manages heavy metals (HMs), such as As, Cr, Cd, Cu, and Hg, which must be treated carefully when deconstructing electronic garbage. Addition- ally, the e-waste management and treatment methods are inadequate and negatively affect human health directly and indirectly (Ganguly 2016; Garg and Adhana 2019). Among the hazardous substances found in e-waste include lead, mercury, and brominated flame retardants, to name a few. After extended exposure during risky e-waste recycling methods, these substances cause harm to practically all signifi- cant biological systems, including the nerve and circulatory systems, brain development, skin issues, lung cancer, and heart, liver, and spleen damage. This is crucial in the unorganized sector since many unorganized e-waste workers do not adhere to preventative health and safety procedures (Garg and Adhana 2019). Conventional methods for extracting metals from e-waste can either cause secondary contamination that requires additional treatment or be extremely expensive, whereas the biological technique is more environmentally benign (Awasthi et al. 2019). Further compared to chemical and physical processes, the equipment required for bioremediation is cost-effective (per unit volume) and minimum (readily available). Furthermore, microbial bioremediation facilitates the