Microbial Strategies for Vegetable Production

233 Pages·2017·3.082 MB·English

by  Almas Zaidi, Mohammad Saghir Khan (eds.)

Almas Zaidi · Mohammad Saghir Khan
Editors
Microbial
Strategies for
Vegetable
Production
Microbial Strategies for Vegetable
Production
Almas Zaidi • Mohammad Saghir Khan
Editors
Microbial Strategies for
Vegetable Production
Editors
Almas Zaidi Mohammad Saghir Khan
Department of Agricultural Microbiology Department of Agricultural Microbiology
Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh Muslim University
Aligarh Aligarh
India India
ISBN 978-3-319-54400-7 ISBN 978-3-319-54401-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-54401-4
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017942958
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Preface
Vegetables are one of the most essential components of human dietary systems due
to their high nutritional value which provides carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, and
several other useful food elements. Due to these, the consumption of vegetables
among health-conscious consumers has increased considerably. In order to fulfill
the growing demands of vegetarians, there is an urgent need to enhance the produc-
tion of fresh and quality vegetables. To optimize production, growers often use
energy-intensive fertilizers and pesticides in vegetable farming. The excessive and
abrupt application of such agrochemicals for longer duration has, however, been
found to disrupt soil fertility and consequently the production of quality vegetables.
In addition, soil destruction through abiotic stress and loss of soil fertility following
various soil management practices has also compounded vegetable farming in
recent times. Therefore, to avoid/minimize the consistent application of expensive
and disruptive chemicals in vegetable production practices, viable and practically
applicable alternative strategies need to be developed. In this regard, the advent of
microbial preparation often called biofertilizers involving many useful soil micro-
biotas has provided an effective solution to high-input agrochemicals. And hence
the use of nonpathogenic rhizosphere microbes to enhance vegetable production is
currently considered as a safe, viable, and low-cost alternative to chemicals. Since
soil microorganisms are inexpensive and do not cause any pollution, they have been
used repeatedly for maximizing the production of many crop plants across different
agronomic practices. Also, even though there are no direct connections between
many rhizosphere microfloras and vegetables, yet several plant growth-promoting
rhizobacteria (PGPR) spanning different genera have been used to facilitate the
growth and yield of numerous vegetables through different mechanisms.
Recently, the interest in using renewable resources like beneficial soil microbes
for producing fresh and high-quality vegetables has grown substantially. However,
most of the farmers engaged in growing organic vegetables, even though they adopt
such microbial strategies, do not have correct understanding of such bioformula-
tions and do not know how to apply them properly so that maximum benefits are
achieved. Additionally, soil microflora has become important due to its role in dis-
ease management and reclamation of derelict soils (salinized/polluted soils). The
success of microbes, however, depends largely on their inherent ability and the
acceptance and adoption by the vegetable growers. A considerable amount of
research work has been conducted to explain the impact of rhizosphere microbes in
v
vi Preface
the enhancement of vegetable crops, but very few efforts have been made to system-
atize such information that could benefit students/teachers/horticulturists and pro-
gressive vegetable-growing farming communities. Considering the importance of
beneficial soil microbes and success achieved so far, efforts herein have been
directed to highlight the impact of microbiota on the quality and yield of vegetables
grown in different agronomic regions of the world. Furthermore, efforts in this book
will also be made to identify most suitable organisms which could effectively be
applied for optimizing vegetable production.
Microbial Strategies for Vegetable Production edited by experts focuses on the
fundamental and practical aspects of beneficial soil microbes employed commonly
in the sustainable production of vegetables. This book further presents exceptional,
simplified, and wide-ranging information on important soil microbiota which could
be used to enhance the production of vegetables in different regions. The book deals
with the application of microbial inoculants and many plant growth-promoting rhi-
zobacteria (PGPR) including nitrogen-fixing and phosphate-solubilizing organisms
in vegetable production. Even though there is no direct connection between
nitrogen-fi xing organisms and vegetables as reported for rhizobia and legumes, yet
the recent developments in the use of nitrogen-fixing, plant growth-promoting rhi-
zobacteria in sustainable production of vegetables have been sufficiently discussed.
The application of PGPR in the improvement of vegetable crop production under
stress conditions like salinized soils, drought, high and low temperature, and nutri-
ent stress and heavy metal-stressed conditions is broadly covered in the book. The
role of PGPR in growth and yield promotion of tomato is dealt separately. This book
also provides information on sources of heavy metal pollution, metal toxicity to
vegetables, and bioremediation strategies adopted to clean up metal-contaminated
soils. Furthermore, the role of microbes in enhancing the quality and production of
vegetables grown under metal-polluted soil is discussed separately. Recent advances
in effective disease management by PGPR to control phytopathogens causing dis-
eases on onion (Allium cepa), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), lettuce (Lactuca
sativa), spinach (Spinacia oleracea), and broccoli (Brassica oleracea) are discussed
paving the way for exploration of microbes for other vegetable crops as well. This
book, therefore, can be used as a reference which is likely to be a very useful
resource for vegetable growers.
We are highly thankful to our learned colleagues who from different countries
contributed their recent and updated chapters in this informative and most demand-
ing book. All chapters presented in this book are written superbly and give elaborate
and meaningful information. We would also like to thank our research scholars who
were easily available at all times during the preparation/compilation of this book
and made this book a reality. Microbial Strategies for Vegetable Production pro-
vides enough information especially to farmers engaged in vegetable production.
The facts and data together with various methodologies presented here may be an
imperative source material. This book will practically be valuable for a wide range
of people including students/researchers/vegetable growers.
The support and patience of our family members especially our two adorable
daughters Zainab and Butool during the entire period of preparation and
Preface vii
compilation of this book were commendable for which we are extremely thankful
to them. We are also very grateful to the publisher of this book in responding to all
our queries very promptly and urgently. Finally, we will be extremely happy and
obliged if someone identifies some conceptual or printing mistakes and inform us.
We will try to resolve them in our next edition.
Almas Zaidi
Mohammad Saghir Khan
Contents
1 Microbial Inoculants in Organic Vegetable Production:
Current Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Ranjit Chatterjee, Ayon Roy, and Ravi Kiran Thirumdasu
2 Plant Growth-Promoting Bacteria: Importance
in Vegetable Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Abdelwahab Rai and Elhafid Nabti
3 Role of Nitrogen-Fixing Plant Growth- Promoting
Rhizobacteria in Sustainable Production of Vegetables:
Current Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Almas Zaidi, Mohammad Saghir Khan, Saima Saif, Asfa Rizvi,
Bilal Ahmed, and Mohammad Shahid
4 Role of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR)
in the Improvement of Vegetable Crop Production
Under Stress Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Srividya Shivakumar and Sasirekha Bhaktavatchalu
5 Growth Improvement and Management of Vegetable
Diseases by Plant Growth- Promoting Rhizobacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Asfa Rizvi, Almas Zaidi, Mohd. Saghir Khan, Saima
Saif, Bilal Ahmed, and Mohammad Shahid
6 Perspectives of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria in
Growth Enhancement and Sustainable Production of Tomato . . . . . . 125
Bilal Ahmed, Almas Zaidi, Mohd. Saghir Khan, Asfa Rizvi,
Saima Saif, and Mohammad Shahid
7 Beneficial Role of Plant Growth- Promoting Bacteria
in Vegetable Production Under Abiotic Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Metin Turan, Ertan Yildirim, Nurgul Kitir, Ceren Unek,
Emrah Nikerel, Bahar Sogutmaz Ozdemir, Adem Güneş,
and Mokhtari N.E.P
ix
x Contents
8 Metal Toxicity to Certain Vegetables and Bioremediation
of Metal-Polluted Soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Saima Saif, Mohd. Saghir Khan, Almas Zaidi, Asfa Rizvi,
and Mohammad Shahid
9 Recent Advances in Management Strategies of
Vegetable Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Mohammad Shahid, Almas Zaidi, Mohd. Saghir Khan,
Asfa Rizvi, Saima Saif, and Bilal Ahmed
List of Contributors
Rai Abdelwahab FSNV, Laboratoire de Maitrise des Energies Renouvelables
(LMER), Equipe de Biomasse et Environnement, Université de Béjaïa, Targa
Ouzemmour, Béjaïa 06000, Algérie
Bilal Ahmad Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural
Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sasirekha Bhaktavatchalu Department of Microbiology, Acharya Bangalore B
SchoolOff Magadi Road, Bangalore 560 091, India
Ranjit Chatterjee Department of Vegetable and Spice Crops, Uttar Banga Krishi
Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar, West Bengal, India
Nabti Elhafid FSNV, Laboratoire de Maitrise des Energies Renouvelables
(LMER), Equipe de Biomasse et Environnement, Université de Béjaïa, Targa
Ouzemmour, Béjaïa 06000, Algérie
Adem Güneş Agricultural Faculty, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department,
Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
Mohammad Saghir Khan Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of
Agricultural Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar
Pradesh, India
Nurgul Kitir Engineering Faculty, Genetics and Bioengineering Department,
Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
Mokhtari N.E.P Organic Farming Department, Islahiye Vocational School,
Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
Emrah Nikerel Engineering Faculty, Genetics and Bioengineering Department,
Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
Bahar Sogutmaz Ozdemir Engineering Faculty, Genetics and Bioengineering
Department, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
Asfa Rizvi Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agricultural
Microbiology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
xi