Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity: Vol. 2: Functional Applications PDF
Preview Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity: Vol. 2: Functional Applications
Dhananjaya Pratap Singh Harikesh Bahadur Singh Ratna Prabha Editors Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity Vol. 2: Functional Applications Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity Dhananjaya Pratap Singh Harikesh Bahadur Singh (cid:129) Ratna Prabha Editors Microbial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity Vol. 2: Functional Applications Editors Dhananjaya Pratap Singh Harikesh Bahadur Singh ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Department of Mycology and Plant Important Microorganisms Pathology, Institute of Agricultural Maunath Bhanjan , UP , India Sciences Banaras Hindu University Ratna Prabha Varanasi , UP , India ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms Maunath Bhanjan , UP , India ISBN 978-81-322-2642-0 ISBN 978-81-322-2644-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2644-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2015960842 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © Springer India 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. T he publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. Printed on acid-free paper Springer(India)Pvt.Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword Application of microbial inoculants has been realized as an alternative option due to their promising role in substantially reducing excessive use of chemi- cal fertilizers, nutrients and pesticides. Their promising functions in plant growth promotion, protection against diseases and pests and soil fertility can be witnessed as biofertilizers (nitrogen-fi xers, phosphate-solubilizers, sidero- phore producers etc.) that improve availability of minerals for plants and enhance uptake of nutrients (R hizobia , Azotobacter, etc.) as phytostimulators to produce phytohormones and directly promote plant growth ( Azospirilium, cyanobacterial strains etc.) and as biocontrol agents ( Trichoderma, Pseudomonas and B acillus, etc.) that protect plants against phytopathogenic organisms and enhance tolerance against abiotic stresses. There exist diverse group of microbes (bacteria and cyanobacteria, actinomycetes, methylo- trophs, fungus, mycorrhizal fungi and endophytes) that have been developed as microbial inoculants with diverse functions at different levels and many have touched commercial production for applications at the fi eld level to ben- efi t farmers. Recently, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have gained attention for their indispensible role in sustainable agriculture. Moreover, selection of effi cient strains with well defi ned mechanisms helped development of biofertilizer/biopesticide inoculants for achieving consistent and reproducible results under fi eld conditions. PGPR- based biofertilizers can be used as effective alternatives to chemical fertilizers to reduce chemical use in the fi elds by many folds. Similarly, biocontrol agents that still represent a little portion of the total chemical pesticides use for controlling phytopatho- gens are again gaining prominent contribution as eco-friendly disease man- agement alternatives with different safer mode of action than the chemical pesticides. Looking into the vast potential applicability of microbial inocu- lants, recent research is focused on identifying microbes or their consortia for their physiological and biochemical traits that make them prominent v vi Foreword b iofertilizers or biocontrol agents, use of biorational screening processes to identify biocontrol/biofertilization processes, testing under semi-commercial and commercial production conditions, emphasis on consortium develop- ment of potential strains, fi nding out viable and long- lasting delivery modes. Newly emerging omic’s based technologies are further adding towards a bet- ter understanding of the microbial functions at molecular level, molecular plant-microbe interactions and less-explored delivery mechanisms. The editors of this volume, ‘M icrobial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity Vol. II – Functional Applications’ deserve apprecia- tion for their efforts to compile diverse aspects of microbial functions and linking them with their potential applications for the benefi t of crop produc- tion and soil health. New Delhi (S. Ayyappan) 27th July 2015 Pref ace O ver the past three decades, microbial biotechnology has benefi ted greatly from the extraordinary advances in molecular biology and nanotechnology. This has helped not only in the identifi cation of microbial communities but their functional and metabolic diversity too and has resulted in the identifi ca- tion of potential microbial gene pool, proteins, or metabolites. There have been tremendous research advances in the study of plant-microbe (benefi cial) and plant-pathogen interactions, pathogen recognition, induced systemic resistance and innate immunity mechanisms in plants, root rhizosphere biol- ogy, mechanisms of plant growth promotion and antagonism within micro- bial communities, and impact assessment of inoculated microbes on soil, plant, and other benefi cial microorganisms to establish proof of concept behind microbial inoculation in soils or plants. Dynamic interactions between root exudates, microbial activity, genetic exchange, nutrient transformation, and gradient diffusion are the most likely factors shaping the belowground activities where microbial inoculants need to survive to produce benefi cial impacts. Consequently, there remained an increasing demand to understand belowground functioning to effectively manage ecosystem and harness potential benefi ts. Manipulation of the rhizosphere with microbial inocula- tion is now being considered as a key mechanism for solving critical issues for agricultural sustainability, food quality management, mitigation of cli- mate change, and conservation of biodiversity. Plants interact with groups of soil microbial communities at different trophic levels for alleviation of biotic and abiotic stresses which involve positive and negative feedbacks between soil microbes, plants, and their chemical environment. These issues have been worked out critically in different plant-microbe systems and led to a broad, yet clearer, understanding of the mechanisms of inoculation of plants with microbes. With this background, the demand for totally novel microbial products creates pressure on microbial biotechnologists to search for more potent and ecologically robust organisms and their specifi c interactive targets within the plants for developing potential microbial inoculants. Mass-scale inoculation comprises the supply of high-density viable and effi cient micro- bial formulations in the fi eld for a rapid colonization of the host rhizosphere. Prior to registration and commercialization of microbial inoculants, there remain a number of steps to consider. From laboratory to the industrial scale- up, this requires process scaling and mass production of the defi ned organism vii viii Preface under commercial fermentation conditions while maintaining quality, stability, and effi cacy of the product. T he book M icrobial Inoculants in Sustainable Agricultural Productivity Vol. II Functional Applications addresses the fi eld usage of microbial inocu- lants (biofertilizers, biostimulants, biopesticides) that need several stages to undergo. Authors contributing to this volume have presented detailed account of mass production of microbial inoculants that involves scaling-up of pro- duction process of an effi cient microbe from laboratory to industrial level, development of effi cient production technology, quality control, commercial aspects, intellectual property rights involved, cross-boundary registration methods, biosafety and biosecurity concerns, and their legal sanctity. It also discusses formulation development that needs to consider factors such as base material, shelf life, compatibility with existing agricultural practices and materials (chemicals, other organisms), cost, and ease of applications. Biosafety and biosecurity considerations were also presented at length as per territorial guidelines to address such issues as nontarget effects on microbes and other organisms, toxigenicity, allergenicity and pathogenicity, persis- tence in the environment and potential for horizontal gene transfer, etc. Capitalization costs, techno-commercial issues, and potential markets were considered as key issues for making decisions to commercialize microbial inoculants. We are thankful to all the contributing authors for putting their efforts to complete this volume. Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh , India Dhananjaya Pratap Singh Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India Harikesh Bahadur Singh Maunath Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh, India Ratna Prabha Contents 1 Soil Microbes: The Invisible Managers of Soil Fertility ............ 1 Arumugam Sathya , Rajendran Vijayabharathi , and Subramaniam Gopalakrishnan 2 Effi cacy of Biofertilizers: Challenges to Improve Crop Production ............................................................................ 17 E. Malusà , F. Pinzari , and L. Canfora 3 Revisiting Action of Bioinoculants: Their Impact on Rhizospheric Microbial Community Function ..................... 41 Shilpi Sharma , Richa Sharma , Rashi Gupta , and Virendra Swarup Bisaria 4 Phenazine-Producing P seudomonas spp. as Biocontrol Agents of Plant Pathogens..................................... 53 Tanya Arseneault and Martin Filion 5 Role of Nonpathogenic Fungi in Inducing Systemic Resistance in Crop Plants Against Phytopathogens ................... 69 Shachi Singh 6 Stress Management Practices in Plants by Microbes ................ 85 Kanak Sirari , Lokender Kashyap , and C. M. Mehta 7 Contribution of Microbial Inoculants to Soil Carbon Sequestration and Sustainable Agriculture .................. 101 Kanchan Vishwakarma , Shivesh Sharma , Nitin Kumar , Neha Upadhyay , Shikha Devi , and Ashish Tiwari 8 Remediation of Heavy Metal- Contaminated Agricultural Soils Using Microbes .............................................. 115 Braj Raj Singh , Akanksha Singh , Sandhya Mishra , Alim H. Naqvi , and Harikesh Bahadur Singh 9 Role of Microbial Inoculants in Nutrient Use Effi ciency........... 133 Manish Kumar , Dhananjaya Pratap Singh , Ratna Prabha , Ashutosh Kumar Rai , and Lalan Sharma ix
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