Microbial Fuel Cell: A Bioelectrochemical System that Converts Waste to Watts PDF
Preview Microbial Fuel Cell: A Bioelectrochemical System that Converts Waste to Watts
Debabrata Das Editor Microbial Fuel Cell A Bioelectrochemical System that Converts Waste to Watts Microbial Fuel Cell Debabrata Das Editor Microbial Fuel Cell A Bioelectrochemical System that Converts Waste to Watts Editor DebabrataDas DepartmentofBiotechnology IndianInstituteofTechnology Kharagpur,India Co-published by Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, with Capital PublishingCompany,NewDelhi,India. Sold and distributed in North, Central and South America by Springer, 233 Spring Street, NewYork10013,USA. In allother countries, except SAARC countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan,India, Maldives,Nepal,PakistanandSriLanka—soldanddistributedbySpringer,Tiergartenstr.15, 69121Heidelberg,Germany. In SAARC countries—Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka—printed book sold and distributed by Capital Publishing Company, 7/28, MahaveerStreet,AnsariRoad,Daryaganj,NewDelhi110002,India. ISBN978-3-319-66792-8 ISBN978-3-319-66793-5 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66793-5 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017954952 ©CapitalPublishingCompany,NewDelhi,India2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.Allrightsarereservedbythepublishers,whetherthewholeorpartof the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexempt fromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublishers,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthis book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishers nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained hereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublishersremainsneutralwith regardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. Printedonacid-freepaper ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland My beloved wife – Ms Sumana Das Foreword The increasing consumption of non-renewable fossil fuels has led to the global energychallengewithrespecttoclimatechangeandlocalenvironmentpollutions. Theworldissearchingforalternativerenewablesourcesofenergy.Microbialfuel cellmechanismisanattractiverenewabletechnologythatcanconvertwastesintoa directly usable formof energy, i.e. electricity. MFCs are uniqueintheir ability to usebacteriaascatalystsfortheconversionofchemicalenergytoelectricalenergy withouttheneedforcombustiontherebymakingitagreentechnology. Inbrief,microbialfuelcellscompriseananodeandacathodewhichmayormay not be separated by a semipermeable membrane. The bacteria (known as exoelectrogens) are usually grown at the anode inan anaerobicenvironment such thattheymetabolizethesubstrate(wastestream)anddonatethereleasedelectrons totheanode(whichactsasaterminalelectronacceptor).Thefateoftheseelectrons depends on the product of interest and type of oxidant present at the cathode. Usually,oxygenisthemostcommonlyusedoxidantforfuelcellapplicationsdue toitshighelectronegativity.MFCsasanareaofresearchhaveobservedaplethora vii viii Foreword of interest in the past 15 years, and significant advances have been made in the architecturaldesign,electrontransfermechanisms,electrochemicalreactionkinet- ics,membraneproperties,etc.thathaveledtothedevelopmentofafewpilot-scale MFCs. While the energy produced from MFCs is not yet practical for on-site applications, a thorough study is helpful to have understanding of bioenergy. It is alsoimportanttohaveknowledgeofenergygenerationsystemsforapplications. Current research has extended the scope of MFC-based technologies to a wide variety of applications such as bioremediation (sediment MFC), desalination (microbial desalination cell), CO sequestration (microbial carbon capture cells), 2 hydrogen production (microbial electrolysis cell), synthesis of chemicals (micro- bialelectrosynthesis),biosensors(microfluidicmicrobialfuelcell),etc.Thoughthe basicunderlyingprinciplesforalltheseapplicationsremainthesame,thereaction kineticsandtheelectrontransfermechanismsvarywithrespecttothefinalproduct to such an extent that a deeper understanding is required thus motivating studies relatingtoindividualprocessesandapplications. The book provides a detailed description of the basic principles of MFC tech- nology, the developments made till date, their applications and the associated challengesandthepossibleintegrationwiththepresentenergygenerationsystems tomaximizeenergyrecovery.EachaspectofMFChasbeendealtwithaninterdis- ciplinaryapproachwitheasytounderstandillustrationskeepinginmindthediverse audience. I strongly recommend this book to energy researchers, scientists in industries, engineers and student enthusiasts who are interested in microbial fuel cellresearchandwanttogetabreastwiththelatestdevelopments.Thisbookserves asanidealplatformtodiscussthewiderscopeofMFC-basedapplicationsbeyond the laboratory conditions and thus shows promising aspects towards a green and sustainablefuture. IappreciatethededicatedandsustainedeffortsofProf.DebabrataDaswhohas compiled the book for interested students, researchers, industries and even policymakers. NationalInstituteofAdvancedStudies BaldevRaj Bengaluru,India Preface Onceweacceptourlimits,wegobeyondthem.(AlbertEinstein) Wastewatermanagementandalternativeenergyareconsideredthemostimportant fieldsofresearchinenvironmentalbiotechnology.Themicrobialfuelcell(MFC)is asustainableprocesswhichisgainingpopularityintherealmofincreasingdemand of energy sourcesand concern for globalwarmingdue to emission of greenhouse gases.TheMFCutilizeswastetoextractrenewablebiofuelsandbyproducts.This process can prove to be a boon to developed and developing countries. The widespread application of the process can help these countries to eradicate the majorproblemsofremotepowergeneration,wastemanagement,sanitation,health, biofertilizerproductionandrenewableenergy.OneofthemajorproductsofMFCis electricity, and bioelectricity is the greenest of all the biofuels. Thus, it can be reclassified as “super low-carbon fuel” from “low-carbon fuels”. Bioelectricity producedinMFCcanbeutilizedfordecentralizedpowergeneration,andadditional revenue can be obtained in the form of renewable energy credit, carbon dioxide creditsand/orothergreenhousegasemissionscredits. The MFC is considered as a renewable natural power source derived from organic wastes and sewage treatment. Bioelectricity is usually produced through MFC in oxygen-deficient environment where a series of microorganisms convert thecomplexwastestoelectronsvialiquefactionthroughacascadeofenzymesina bioelectrochemical process. Detailed description of MFC technology and their applications have been discussed in this book. Basic principles of MFCs would helptoperceivenewaspectsofbioenergyconversionsandhowsuchsystemcould be integrated with the present energy generation systems to maximize energy recovery.Inbrief,MFCsworkbyutilizingbacteriatodriveoxidationofsubstrate (such as organic wastes from agriculture, industries or sewage) at anode and reduction of an oxidant (usually O ) at cathode. The theories underlying the 2 electron transfer mechanisms, the biochemistry and the microbiology involved and the material characteristics of anode, cathode and the separator have been described in detail. The physico-chemical parameters affecting the performance ix x Preface ofMFC have been included.Technologicaladvancements based onMFC designs aswellasprocesseconomyarealsodiscussed. MFC technology represents a multidisciplinary approach to the quest for alternative sourcesof energy. It symbolizes the confluence ofthe chemical, phys- ical and life sciences and is a meeting point of basic and applied research. The working principle of MFCs is based on microbial physiology coupled with elec- trochemistry. Several diagnostic tools that are used to assess the performance of MFCs have been discussed in detail ranging from electrochemical workstation to molecular biological tools. Mathematical modelling of the process has been discussedwhich wouldhelpinscalinguptheMFC.Amultidisciplinaryapproach such as electrochemistry, materials science, microbiology, engineering, etc. has beenconsideredfortheimprovementofMFC. MFC-based technology has a dual purpose: power generation and wastewater treatment.SeveralapplicationsofMFChavebeendiscussedsuchasbioremediation (sediment MFC), desalination (microbial desalination cell), CO sequestration 2 (microbial carbon capture cells), hydrogen production (microbial electrolysis cell),synthesisofchemicals(microbialelectrosynthesis),biosensors(microfluidic MFC),etc. This book is aimed at a wide audience, mainly undergraduates, postgraduates, energy researchers, scientists in industries and research organizations, energy specialists, policymakers and others interested in the latest developments concerningMFCs.Eachchapterinthebookbeginswiththefundamentalexplana- tionforgeneralreadersandendswithin-depthscientificdetailssuitableforexpert readers. One of the chapters highlights the concise summary of biochemistry for bioelectricityproductionaswellasimportantmajorfactorsinvolvedintheprocess towards the realization of a stable bioelectricity-based economy. A successful application of MFC was found in a pilot-scale wastewater treatment along with renewable energy production. The proper configuration of MFC and efficiently pretreated “feedstock” are the major factors to maximize the production of bio- electricity. The fundamentals of reactor design based on process economy have beendiscussed. The contributions of all the authors in the book are gratefully acknowledged. Valuable suggestions for the book given by Dr. Soumya Pandit, Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel, and Ms. Jhansi L. Varanasi, Senior Research Fellow, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, areworthmentioning. Kharagpur,India DebabrataDas Contents 1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 DebabrataDas 2 PrinciplesofMicrobialFuelCellforthePowerGeneration. . . . . . 21 SoumyaPanditandDebabrataDas 3 CharacteristicsofMicrobesInvolvedinMicrobialFuelCell. . . . . 43 JhansiL.VaranasiandDebabrataDas 4 MicrobialEcologyofAnodicBiofilms:FromSpeciesSelection toMicrobialInteractions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Jean-Cle´mentFlayac,EricTrably,andNicolasBernet 5 AnodicElectronTransferMechanisminBioelectrochemical Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 SanathKumarKondaveeti,JaiSankarSeelam, andG.Mohanakrishna 6 DevelopmentofSuitableAnodeMaterialsforMicrobial FuelCells. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 ThiHiepHan,SandeshY.Sawant,andMooHwanCho 7 PerformancesofSeparatorandMembranelessMicrobial FuelCell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 RuchiraRudra,VikashKumar,ArpitaNandy,andPatitPabanKundu 8 RoleofCathodeCatalystinMicrobialFuelCell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 SantimoyKhilariandDebabrataPradhan 9 RoleofBiocathodesinBioelectrochemicalSystems. . . . . . . . . . . . 165 V.Prakasam,S.G.F.Bagh,S.Ray,B.Fifield,L.A.Porter, andJ.A.Lalman xi
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