Microbial Ecosystems in Central Andes Extreme Environments: Biofilms, Microbial Mats, Microbialites and Endoevaporites PDF
Preview Microbial Ecosystems in Central Andes Extreme Environments: Biofilms, Microbial Mats, Microbialites and Endoevaporites
María Eugenia Farías Editor Microbial Ecosystems in Central Andes Extreme Environments Biofilms, Microbial Mats, Microbialites and Endoevaporites Microbial Ecosystems in Central Andes Extreme Environments María Eugenia Farías Editor Microbial Ecosystems in Central Andes Extreme Environments Biofilms, Microbial Mats, Microbialites and Endoevaporites Editor María Eugenia Farías LIMLA-PROIMI-CONICET Tucuman, Argentina ISBN 978-3-030-36191-4 ISBN 978-3-030-36192-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36192-1 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Preface The Central Andean Altiplane, named Altiplane, (Bolivia and Peru), Atacama (Chile) or Puna (Argentine), represents a unique extreme environment since its locations are in high-altitude, closed basins that modulate salars and saline wetlands surrounded by deserts, largely influenced by volcanic activity. UV radiation, arsenic content, high salinity, alkalinity, and low dissolved oxygen content, together with extreme daily temperature fluctuations and oligotrophic conditions, shape an envi- ronment that recreates the early Earth and, even more, extraterrestrial conditions. The discovery of living microbialites and microbial mats in 2009 has increased the interest in this area as an early Earth counterpart. Extreme microbial ecosystems thrive in different central Andean environments, such as salars, wetlands, lakes, volcanoes, hydrothermal vents, geysers, and desert soils. In this book we present the state of knowledge of these amazing ecosystems as a basis of their integral protection. The book is divided into chapters grouped into parts per environments and their main microbial ecosystems. The first part (Part I) includes a geographic and geological description of the area and the general considerations of microbial systems in Andean lakes. From there, the book is divided into environments and the most relevant microbiological ecosys- tems studied in each one. Part II starts with the lithobiontic microbial colonization found in the Atacama Desert, and its microbiology, biosignatures, and Vegas associ- ated microbiology. Part III discusses the microbial life found at the highest Andean active volcanoes Socompa and Lluillaillaco (above 6000 m a.s.l.) and the Metagenomics approaches performed in Gaylussyte attached biofilms at Diamante, an extreme alkaline arsenic content lake placed in the Caldera of the Galán Supervolcano (4650 m a.s.l.). Part IV involves microbial ecosystems found in Salar and Salars wetlands. It includes studies of the rare biosphere at Salar de Huasco (3800 m a.s.l.), followed by Salar de Atacama where endoevaporite and microbial mat systems formed mainly of Archaea at Laguna Tebenquiche (2000 m a.s.l.). Updated knowledge of the endoevaporitic and mat systems and the metagenome analyses of Llamara (800 m a.s.l.) at Salar de Puquios is also included. The part will v vi Preface finish with a general overview of the halophile diversity of the main Argentinean and Chilean Andean Salars. Part V contains updated knowledge of the amazing modern microbialites at Altiplano lakes, including new findings about Laguna Negra’s Oncolites (4500 m a.s.l.) and Socompa and La Brava’s microbialites. Part VI includes an integral prospection of the Andean microbial ecosystem project implemented during the past 10 years in Argentine, Chile, and Bolivia. In addition, strategies that these microbial ecosystems developed to cope with extreme conditions, such as arsenic resistance and resistant genes dispersion by mobile elements, are discussed. Tucumán, Argentina María Eugenia Farías Contents Part I G eneral Considerations 1 Origin and Evolution of the Central Andes: Deserts, Salars, Lakes, and Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Ricardo N. Alonso and Walter Rojas 2 Modern Microbial Mats and Endoevaporite Systems in Andean Lakes: A General Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 María Eugenia Farías and Luis Alberto Saona Acuña Part II P reandean and Andean Atacama Desert: Life at Limits 3 The Desert Polyextreme Environment and Endolithic Habitats . . . . 37 Jacek Wierzchos, Carmen Ascaso, Octavio Artieda, and María Cristina Casero 4 Preandean Atacama Desert Endolithic Microbiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 María Cristina Casero, Victoria Meslier, Jacek Wierzchos, and Jocelyne DiRuggiero 5 Desert Biosignatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Petr Vítek and Jacek Wierzchos 6 Microbial Characterization of Andean Peatland’s Soil . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Carolina Belfiore, Ana Paula Santos, Alejandra Leonor Valdez, Manuel Contreras Leiva, and María Eugenia Farías Part III Life in Andean Volcanoes and Fumaroles 7 Of Microbes and Mummies: Tales of Microbial Activity and Inactivity at 6000 m a.s.l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Steven K. Schmidt, Preston Sowell, Zachary R. Schubert, Lara Vimercati, Adam J. Solon, Dorota L. Porazinska, Pacifica Sommers, John L. Darcy, and Eli M. S. Gendron vii viii Contents 8 A Unique Natural Laboratory to Study Polyextremophile Microorganisms: Diamante Lake as a Window to the Origin of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 Tatiana Stepanenko, Mariana N. Soria, Luis Alberto Saona Acuña, Agustina I. Lencina, and María Eugenia Farías Part IV E vaporitic Microbial Ecosystems at Salars: Living in the Salt 9 Microbial Communities Composition, Activity, and Dynamics at Salar de Huasco: A Polyextreme Environment in the Chilean Altiplano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 Cristina Dorador, Verónica Molina, Martha Hengst, Yoanna Eissler, Marcela Cornejo, Camila Fernández, and Vilma Pérez 10 Prokaryotic Diversity at the Hypersaline Laguna Tebenquiche in the Salar de Atacama, Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Ana Beatriz Fernández, Pieter T. Visscher, María Cecilia Rasuk, Manuel Contreras Leiva, and María Eugenia Farías 11 Complete Characterization of Stratified Ecosystems of the Salar de Llamara (Atacama Desert) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 María Cecilia Rasuk, Manuel Contreras Leiva, Daniel Kurth, and María Eugenia Farías 12 Microbial Diversity in Athalassohaline Argentinean Salterns . . . . . . 165 Merit del Rocío Mora-Ruiz and Carlos Díaz-Gil Part V Carbonatic Microbialites at Central Andean Lakes 13 Characterization of Microbialites and Microbial Mats of the Laguna Negra Hypersaline Lake (Puna of Catamarca, Argentina) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Flavia Jaquelina Boidi, Estela Cecilia Mlewski, Fernando Javier Gomez, and Emmanuelle Gérard 14 Extreme Microbiology at Laguna Socompa: A High-Altitude Andean Lake (3570 m a.s.l.) in Salta, Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Virginia Helena Albarracín, Fátima Silvina Galván, and María Eugenia Farías 15 Mats and Microbialites from Laguna La Brava . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 María Cecilia Rasuk, Pieter T. Visscher, Manuel Contreras Leiva, and María Eugenia Farías 16 The Carbonate System in Hypersaline Lakes: The Case of Laguna Negra (in the Puna Region of Catamarca, Argentina) . . . 231 Fernando Javier Gomez, Flavia Jaquelina Boidi, Estela Cecilia Mlewski, and Emmanuelle Gérard Contents ix Part VI G eneralities and Particularities of Microbial Ecosystems at the Central the Andes 17 Integral Prospection of Andean Microbial Ecosystem Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 María Eugenia Farías, Patricio G. Villafañe, and Agustina I. Lencina 18 Linear Megaplasmids Spreading in the Andean Resistome . . . . . . . . 261 Martin Wagenknecht, María Florencia Pérez, and Julián Rafael Dib 19 Arsenic and Its Biological Role: From Early Earth to Current Andean Microbial Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Luis Alberto Saona Acuña, Mariana N. Soria, Patricio G. Villafañe, Tatiana Stepanenko, and María Eugenia Farías Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 About the Editor María Eugenia Farías Ph.D. (Argentina), Biological Sciences (1992), Ph.D. in Microbiology (1996), specialized in environmental microbiology. CONICET senior researcher CCT-PROIMI (Pilot Plant for Microbiological Industrial Processes). Head of the Laboratory of Microbiological Investigations of Lagunas Andinas (LIMLA). Her research is based on the study of the microbial ecosystems of Andean lagoons, prospecting studies, biodiversity, metagenomics as a basis for conservation and biotechnological application of strategic national ecosystems. Currently, she is doing a survey of the extremophile ecosystems associated with wetlands in Argentina, Chile and Bolivia. She is author of >100 manuscripts, and her h-index is 21. xi
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