Microbial corrosion : proceedings of the 3rd International EFC Workshop PDF
Preview Microbial corrosion : proceedings of the 3rd International EFC Workshop
European Federation of Corrosion Publications NUMBER 15 Microbial Corrosion Proceedings of the 3rd International EFC Workshop Edited by A. K. TILLEARN D C. A.C . SEQUEIRA Published for the European Federation of Corrosion by The Institute af Materials THE INSTITUTE OF MATERIALS 1995 Book Number 591 Published in 1995 by The Institute of Materials 1 Carlton House Terrace, London SWlY 5DB 0 1995 The Institute of Materials All rights reserved British Libvary Cataloguing in Publication Data Available on application ISBN 0-901716-62-6 Neither the EFC nor The Institute of Materials is responsible for any views expressed which are the sole responsibility of the authors Design and production by PicA Publishing Services, Drayton, Nr Abingdon, Oxon Made and printed in Great Britain Preface This publication contains the papers from the third European Federation of Corrosion workshop on microbial corrosion organised by the Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal in collaboration with the EFC working party on microbial corrosion. The purpose of the workshop was to summarise the actual European experience in this field while also drawing on the recent experience from other countries. It represents the current concerns of the problems associated with corrosion induced by the activity of a wide range of microorganisms and, as such, encompasses a spectrum of interest from aerobic and anaerobic situations to the control and prevention of the problem or the assessment of new on-line monitoring techniques. Microbially influenced corrosion (MIC)i s by definition, corrosion associated with the action of microorganisms present in a system. MIC is, therefore, an interdiscipli- nary subject that embraces the fields of materials science, chemistry, microbiology and biochemistry. Since the first reports of MIC at the end of the 18th century in the UK much has heen done to understand the role of microorganisms in the corrosion of materials. However, the mechanisms by which microorganisms enhance corrosion of many materials still remains unclear. This workshop was broadly divided into four main topic areas: (i) an interdiscipli- nary approach to MIC, (ii) mechanisms and general studies in the laboratory and in the field, (iii) case studies, and (iv) prevention and control. Experience with a variety of environments and materials is a feature of the reports in this volume. Thus, data are reported from potable water, river water, seawater and soils; the materials considered include stainless and carbon steels, copper, aluminium brass, fibre reinforced composites, etc. The best example of the interdisciplinary approach which is required to under- stand the problem is given in the first section of the volume which is concerned with the MIC of copper in potable water systems. The model which has been developed to explain the mechanism by which copper is corroded includes the role of the biofilm and its permselectivity. During the workshop new theories were proposed for the anaerohic corrosion of iron and stainless steel by the sulphate-reducing bacteria involving the role of the thiosulphate iorL. It is also interesting to note that several new experimental techniques have been developed and used to characterise the nature of the biofilm which forms on the metal surface.A tomic Force microscopy and mass transport measurements using a spin- ning disc electrode have heen particularly successful in this respect. New biosensors have been developed for the control and prevention of MIC and these should become commercially available in the near future. However, the use of biocide and cathodic protection still remain the standard approaches even if their overall efficiency may occasionally be questioned. The case histories that are reported illustrate the wide and diverse range of materials that are susceptible to the problem of MIC including some of the newer materials such as plastic/metal composite matrices. ... Preface X l l l From the data presented during the workshop it was obvious that the mechanism of MIC remains a major concern and that there is still a considerable amount of R and D to be undertaken. Nevertheless, this kind of workshop has continued to improve the general awareness of the subject to industrialists and to academia. Improved communications between microbiologists, corrosion scientists and engineers will eventually result in a better comprehension of the mechanisms of microbial corrosion. D. Thierry Chairman of EFC working party on microbial corrosion C. A. C. Sequeira Instituto Superior Ticnico, Lisboa A. K. Tiller Lithgow Associates/University of Portsmouth,UK (Members of the organising committee) This volume was edited by A. K.Tiller and C. A. C. Sequeira Proceedings of the 1st and 2nd EFC Workshops on MIC were pub1 ished as follows: 1M icrobial Corrosion (Proceedings of the 1st International EFC Workshop)(EdsC . A. C. Sequeira and A. K.Tiller), 1988, Published Elsevier, New York, 1988. 2 Microbial Corrosion (Proceedings of the 2nd EFC Workshop, 1991),E uropean Fe- leration of Corrosion Publication No. 8, (Eds C. A. C. Sequeira and A. K. Tiller), 1992, The Institute of Materials, London. Contents Series Introduction ............................................................................................................. ix Preface ............................................................................................................................... xii Part 2 An Interdisciplinary Approach to Microbially Influenced. ............. .1 Corrosion of Copper 1 An Interdisciplinary Approach for Microbially Influenced Corrosion ......... 3 of Copper A. H. L. CHAMBERLAWIN.,R . FISCHERU, . HINZEH, . H. PARADIES, C. A. C. SEQUEIRAH, . SIEDLAREKM, . THIESD, . WAGNEANRD J . N . WARDELL 2 Physical Behaviour of Biopolymers as Artificial Models for ......................... 17 Biofilms in Biodeterioration of Copper. Solution and Surface Properties of Biopolymers M. THIESU, . HINZEA N D H. H. PARADIES 3 Bacteria Associated with MIC of Copper: Characterisation .......................... 49 and Extracellular Polymer Production J . N. WARDEALNLD A. H. L . CHAMBERLAIN 4 Membrane Properties of Biopolymeric Substances ........................................ 64 C. A. C. SEQUEIRAA., C. P.R . P.C ARRASCOD,. WAGNER, M. TIETZA N D W.R . F IS C H E R 5 Corrosion Behaviour of Biopolymer Modified Copper Electrodes .............. 85 D. WAGNEHR. ,S IEDLAREKW, .R . FISCHERJ,. N.W ARDELL AND A. H . L. CHAMBERLAIN Part 2 Microbial Corrosion: Mechanisms and General Studies ................1 05 6 Contribution of Microbiological Phenomena in the Localised ................... 107 Corrosion of Stainless Steels F . COLI;,M . J . JOURDAIN, G. D’AMBROSIOA,. POURBAIAXN D D. NOEL 7 Attachment of Desulfovibrio vulgaris to Steels: Influence of Alloying ......... 119 Elements D. FERON vi Con tents 8 Electrochemical and Surface Analytical Evaluation of ................................ 135 Marine Copper Corrosion B. J. LITTLEP, .A . WAGNEKR. ,R . HART,R . I . RAY,D . M . LAVOIE, W. E . O’GRADYA ND P.P .T RZASKOMA 9 Microbial Degradation of Fibre Reinforced Polymer Composites .............1 43 P. A. WAGNERR 1,. RAY, B. J. LITTLEA ND W. C. TUCKER 10 The Modelling of Microbial Soil Corrosion on Iron Oxides ........................ 152 and Hydroxides T . S.G ENDLEAR., A. NOVAKOVAAN D L. E . I L Y I N A 11 The Influence of Corrosion Experiments on Microorganisms and ............ 158 Biofilms in the Sessile Phase D. WAGNEJ.R T,. WALKEWR. ,R . FISCHERA N D C. W. KEEVIL 12 The influence of Metal Ions on the Activity of Hydrogenase ..................... 169 in Sulphate Reducing Bacteria C. W. S. CHEUNAGN D I . B . BEECH 13 A Kinetic Model for Bactericidal Action in Biofilms .................................... 181 P.M . GAYLARDAEND C. C. GAYLARDE 14 Biocorrosion of Mild Steel by Sulphate Reducing Bacteria ......................... 188 I . T. E . FONSECA,A . R. L INOA ND V .L . RAINHA 15 Effect of Marine Biofilms on High Performance Stainless Steels ................ 198 Exposed in European Coastal Waters J.-P, AUDOUARC.D C,O MPERNE., J . E . DOWLINGD,. FERON, D. FESTY, A. MOLLICAT,. ROGNEV, . SCOTTO,U . STEINSMOK,. T AXEN AND D. THIERRY 16 Detection and Characterisation of Biofilms in Natural Seawater ............... 211 by Analysing Oxygen Diffusion under Controlled Hydrodynamic Conditions A. AMBARB.I T, RIBOLLECT. ,C OMPERDE., FESTY A N D E . L’HOSTIS 17 Determination of Biofilm on Stainless Steel in Seawater in Relation ......... 223 to the Season by Analysing the Mass Transport of Oxygen B. TRIBOLLECT. C, OMPERFE. ,D ARRIEUAXND D. FESTY 18 The Importance of Bacterially Generated Hydrogen Permeation ..............2 33 Through Metals I . BENSONA N D R. G. J . EDYVEAN Con tents vii Part 3 Microbial Corrosion: Case Studies .................................................... 241 19 Influence of Metal-Biofilm Interface pH on Aluminium Brass .................. 243 Corrosion in Seawater P.C RISTIANF.I M, AZZAA ND G. ROCCHINI 20 Effect of Seasonal Changes in Water Quality on Biofouling and ............... 261 Corrosion in Fresh Water Systems R. P.G EORGPE., M URALEEDHARJ.A BN., G NANAMOORTTH.Y S,. RAO AND K . V. K. NAIR 21 Corrosion Behaviour of a Carbon Steel Valve in a Microbial ...................... 276 Environment 1. C. DANKOC, . D. LLINDINN, . J . E . DOWLINAGN D W. HESTEX 22 Sulphide-producing, not Sulphate-reducing Anaerobic Bacteria .............. 293 Presumptively Involved in Bacterial Corrosion M . MAGOTL, . CARREAUJ.,- L. CAYOLB, . OLLIVIEANRD J.-L. CROLET 23 Biofilm Monitoring and On-line Control: 20 Month Experience ................ 301 in Seawater G. SALVAGO,G . FUMAGALPL.IC, RISTIAANNID G. ROC CHIN^ 24 Challenges to the Prediction and Monitoring of Microbially ...................... 314 Influenced Corrosion in the Oil Industry T. S. WHITHAM 25 Biofilm Development on Stainless Steels in a Potable Water System ........ 322 L. HANJANGS1I.T B,. BEECH, R. G. I . EDYVEANA N D c. HAMMOND 26 Bacteria and Corrosion in Potable Water Mains ........................................... 328 1. B. BEECHR, . G. J. EDYVEAN,C . W. S . CHEUNG A N D A. TURNER 27 Study of Corrosion Layer Products from an Archaeological ...................... 338 Iron Nail A. A. NOVAKOVAT., S . GENDLEA NRD N . D. MANYUROVA Part 4 Microbial Corrosion: Prevention and Control ................................ 347 28 Electrochemical Sensor of Water and of the Amount of Microbial ............3 49 Proliferation in Fuel Tanks B. M. ROSALES viii Contents 29 Biocorrosion in Groundwater Engineering Systems .................................... 354 P. HOWSAMA,. K. TILLEARN D B . TYRRELL 30 Laboratory Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Cathodic Protection ........... 367 in the Presence of Sulphate Reducing Bacteria K. KASAHARAK, . OKAMURAK D F . KAIIYAMA 31 Studies on the Response of Iron Oxidising and Slime Forming ................. 375 Bacteria to Chlorination in a Laboratory Model Cooling Tower K. K. SATPATHYT, . S . RAO, V .P .V ENUGOPALKA.N V, .K . NAIR AND P.K . MATUUR 32 Monitoring and Inspecting Biofouled Surfaces ............................................. 384 S. W. BOXENSTEIANN D G. 1. LICINA 33 Corrosion Behaviour of Steel in Coal Mining Water in the Presence ........ 398 of Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Thiobacillusf errooxidans S. M . BELOGLAZOAVN D A. N.C HOROSHAVIN Index .............................................................................................................................. 405 Part 1 An Interdisciplinary Approach to Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Copper 1 An Interdisciplinary Approach for Microbially Influenced Corrosion of Copper A. H. L. CHAMBERLAIN', W. R. FISCHER, U. HINZE, H. H. PARADIES, C. A. C. SEQUEIRAt, H. SIEDLAREK, M. THIES, D. WAGNER and J. N. WARDELL" Markische Fachhochschule, Laboratories of Corrosion Protection, Biotechnology and Physical Chemistry, Post Box 20 61, D-58590 Iserlohn, Germany 'School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 jXH, UK 'Instituto Superior Tecnico, Technical University of Lisbon, Av. Rovisco Pais, PT-1096 Lisbon Codex, Portugal ABSTRACT An interdisciplinary approach for studying the microbially influenced corrosion of cop- per is presented which takes into consideration the metal site, the interphase between copper, the exopolymeric materials produced by certain microorganisms, and the bulk water containing the relevant cations and anions. The electrochemical results are ex- plained on the basis of diffusion processes and multiple Donnan equilibria under the assumption of ion selectivities of mainly anionic exopolymers. 1. Introduction Copper as a metal is used widely because of its good resistance to corrosion com- bined with mechanical workability, excellent electrical and thermal conductivity, and ease in soldering and brazing. Vast quantities, amounting to several million kilome- tres of copper tube are in service for potable water distribution systems in countries throughout the world [ 11. The exposure of foreign surfaces to a biologically active environment usually re- sults in their modification. This may be simply adsorption of organics or, if the sur- face is not excessively toxic, the development of a complex biofilm. In order to char- acterise these steps for copper, it is essential to discriminate between the primary adsorption and secondary developmental events, which lead to the modification and even ultimately, destruction of the material's surface. Several types of pitting corrosion have been reported but the level of failures is remarkably low. Reiber [2] indicated that copper corrosion is mainly general attack, with pitting only occurring under limited and rare conditions. A range of welldefined types of pitting corrosion of copper were reviewed by Mattsson [3], but none of these was considered to be associated with microbial activity. However, since then two forms of pitting have
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