Microbial biotechnology in agriculture and aquaculture. / Vol. 2

587 Pages·2006·31.32 MB·English

by  Ramesh C Ray

Microbial
Biotechnology
in Agriculture
and Aquaculture
(Volume 11)
Editor
Ramesh C Ray
Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (Regional Center)
Bhubaneswar, Orissa
E-mail: [email protected]
Science Publishers
Enfield (NH) Jersey Plymouth
CIP data will be provided on request
SCIENCE PUBLISHERS
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O 2006, Copyright reserved
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Published by Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA
An Imprint of Edenbridge Ltd.
Printed in India
PREFACE
Plant genetic engineering has revolutionized our ability to produce
genetically improved plant varieties. A large portion of our major crops
has undergone genetic improvement through the use of recombinant DNA
techniques in which microorganisms play a vital role. The cross-kingdom
transfer of genes to incorporate novel phenotypes into plants has utilized
microbes at every step - from cloning and characterization of a gene, to the
production of a genetically engineered plant. Subhash Minocha and
Andrew Page in Chapter 1h ave described the several roles of microbes as
a source of tools (plasmids and enzymes) to identify and clone desirable
genes, as hosts for gene amplification, as a source of DNA cutting and
slicing tools (restriction enzyme and ligases), and mainly as a vehicle for
gene transfer into plant cells.
In Chapter 2, Ioannis Arvanitoyannis, presents an overview of the types
of GM (genetically modified) plants that are being introduced into
cultivation and takes a realistic outlook of the consumers' belief towards
GM plants, consumers' safety, post marketing monitoring of GM plants
and differences that exist among various countries. In addition, other
issues like unintended effects of GM plant, legislation for GM plant,
labeling and bioethics have been elaborately discussed.
The importance of symbiotic nitrogen (N2)-fixationf or developing a
sustainable agricultural system is enormous. This volume has two
chapters covering rhizobial N2-fixation.I n Chapter 3, Neung Teamroong
and Nantakorn Boonkerd have covered the various aspects of rhizobial
biotechnology: genetic diversity of Rhizobium, strain selection, strain
improvement, environment (soil pH and soil water) and biotic (secretion
of exopolysaccharide, gene influencing nodulation efficiency and
antirhizobial compounds) factors. The authors have outlined new
developments in rhizobial inoculant technology, mass culture media,
carrier preparations and various factors affecting the scale of inoculant
production. Marta Laranjo and Solange Oliveira, in Chapter 7, have
explained the genomic sequence of Rhizobium species and molecular
methods for strain identification.
Phosphorous is one of the principal macrobiogenic elements necessary
for plant growth and metabolism. A better use of soil microorganisms can
iv Microbial Biotechnology in Agriculture and Aquaculture
improve the plant nutrition with phosphorous and simultaneously reduce
the input of mineral fertilizers. Olga Mikanova and Jaromir Kubiit in
Chapter 4 have emphasized that efforts in research and technology should
focus on the quality of inoculants, improvement in the inoculation
technology and effective inoculant delivery system. Molecular biology and
genetic manipulation of phosphate solubilizing bacteria may offer a great
potential to improve phosphate solubilizing capabilities of
microorganisms.
Rice is the staple food of the major population of the world. For
sustaining optimum grain yield, the excessive reliance on chemical
fertilizers is not a viable strategy in the long run because of the prohibitory
cost and environmental hazards. In contrast, biofertilizers/organic
fertilizers are cost-effective, eco-friendly and a renewable source of plant
nutrients to fully or partially replace chemical fertilizers in rice cropping
system. In Chapter 5, S. Kannaiyan and K. Kumar, have outlined the
various biofertilizers commonly applied to the rice agro-system and the
underlying biochemical principles.
The root region of plants is a special microhabitat supporting bacterial
species that favorably stimulate plant growth. Known as plant growth
promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), these organisms include Azotobacter,
Azospirillurn, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, etc. The highest
concentrations of these microorganisms normally exist in the rhizosphere.
Direct promotion of plant growth may involve N2-fixation, phosphorous
solublization and enzymatic lowering of ethylene level. In Chapter 6,
Bernard Glick and his colleagues have focused on lowering the
concentration of ethylene in plants, via the action of the bacterial enzyme,
1-aminocylopropane-1-carboxylate(A CC) deaminase.
Two chapters in this volume have been devoted to the interaction
between microorganisms and aquaculture. Microorganisms conduct
many important functions in aquaculture ponds, which include
photosynthesis, decomposition of organic matter, nutrient cycling,
transformations of substances between oxidized and reduced states, and
detoxification of waste products and pollutants. Claude Boyd and Orawan
Silapajarn, in Chapter 8, have discussed the influence of microorganisms/
microbial products in water, and sediment quality in aquaculture ponds.
Microbial products consist of living bacteria, often Bacillus species or
products prepared from cultures of microorganisms that contain organic
acid, micronutrients and enzymes. J. Olhh, Mike Poliouakis and Claude
Boyd, in Chapter 9, have defined the linkage among ecotechnology,
aquaculture, bioconversion and modified reconversion of wetlands by
using nitrogen pathways, fluxes and nutrient cycles to illustrate the ideas.
Marine microorganisms possess unique structures, metabolic
pathways, reproductive systems and sensory and defense mechanisms
Preface v
because they have adapted to extreme environments ranging from the cold
polar seas at -20°C to the great pressures of the ocean floor, where
hydrothermal fluids spew forth. P. Pandey and C. Purushothaman have
provided an overview of the recent applications of microbial
biotechnology in marine science and aquaculture in Chapter 10.
Pesticides, despite their benefits, have a wide range of toxic side effects
with potential hazards to the environment. Most pesticides are toxic to
human beings, and the toxicity can vary widely within each group of
pesticides. Environmental risks of a pesticide comprises the following risk
factors: (1)p ersistence (indicating how long the pesticide remains active in
the environment), (2) mobility (indicating how easily the pesticide can
move from where it is applied), and (3) non-target toxicity (indicating how
toxic the pesticide is to organisms other than the pests). Michal Green and
his colleagues have portrayed these aspects in Chapter 11 taking Atrazines
as a case study.
Retting is defined as the process of separating the embedded fiber from
the stem through partial rotting by immersion in water; the rotting is
brought about by a complex enzyme action of microorganisms naturally
present in retting water. M. Basak has elaborated in Chapter 12 the
microbiological technology followed for extraction of jute and allied fibers
i.e. Mesta, sun hemp, ramie and pineapple.
Like food, the alcoholic beverages indigenous to any part of the world
depend on the crops which can grow in the climate pertinent to that region.
Alcoholic beverages, when produced from cereals, are known as beers;
while those produced from other raw materials are known as wine. Nduka
Okafor has reviewed the various alcoholic beverages produced by
fermentation of agri-horticultural substrates in Chapter 13. Besides the
commonly known alcoholic beverages like wine, brandy, whiskey, etc.,
there are many ethnic beverages such as 'bouza', 'talla', 'busaa', etc.
especially in the African continent.
With regard to pisciculture, the application of genetic engineering
techniques pinpoint the need of Broodstock management aiming at the
production of sufficient egg number and good quality larvae that will
contribute to the genetic improvement and preservation of fish production
characteristics, effective control of fish feed and stock farming
management, and above all, excellent fish quality. A. Exadactylos and
Ioannis Arvanitoyannis in Chapter 14 have dealt with the various avenues
in the application of biotechnology and genetic engineering in aquaculture
for enhancing fish production. This chapter also highlights the risk
assessment approaches of Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO),
Federal Development Agency (USA) and European Union (EU) towards
transgenic fish and fish products.
vi Microbial Biotechnology in Agriculture and Aquaculture
After the processing of agricultural/horticultural produces, million of
tons of low-value by-products are generated, which in general are called
agricultural residues. These residues represent enormous and
underutilized renewable resources which can create an adverse
environmental impact unless they undergo biological decomposition.
Alternately, these residues can serve as industrial feedstocks for
bioprocessing into value-added products such as enzymes, organic
chemicals, biofuels, etc. In Chapter 15, Ramesh Ray and others have
clarified some aspect of bioprocessing of agricultural residues such as
mushroom cultivation, single cell protein, microbial enzymes and food-
additives (organic acid, microbial gum and other gelling agents, microbial
flavor and sweeteners, etc).
An endeavor has been made to incorporate all the major aspects of
microbial biotechnology relating to agriculture and aquaculture in the 15
chapters of this Volume 11. Yet, some other frontier subjects like microbial
pesticides i.e., microbial herbicides, Bacillus thuringiensis and
baculoviruses based insecticides (in agriculture), and lignocellulose
degradation and biological control by probiotic bacteria (in aquaculture)
could not be included. I am thankful to the contributors of all the chapters
for clearly depicting the recent findings on the subjects and adhering to the
time schedule. I wish to place on record my heartfelt gratitude to Dr. N.
Sethunathan, my Ph. D. supervisor, who was instrumental in creating my
initial intrest in the field of microbial biotechnology and to my wife,
Saraswati Ray, for her constant support.
Ramesh C. Ray
CONTENTS
Preface
List of Contributors
1 Microbes and Their Contributions to Plant Biotechnology
Subhash C. Minocha and Andrew F. Page
2 Genetically Modified Plants: Applications and Issues
Ioannis S. Aruanitoyannis
3 Rhizobial Production Technology
Neung Teamroong and Nantakorn Boonkerd
4 Phosphorus Solubilizing Microorganisms and
Their Role in Plant Growth Promotion
Olga Mikanoua and Jaromir Kubat
5 Biotechnology of Biofertilizers for Rice Crop
S. Kannaiyan and K. Kumar
Colour Plates between
6 Physiological and Genetic Effects of Bacterial
ACC Deaminase on Plants
Saleema Saleh-Lakha, Nikos Hontzeas and Bernard R. Glick
7 Rhizobial Strain Improvement: Genetic
Analysis and Modification
Marta Laranjo and Solange Oliueira
8 Influence of Microorganisms/Microbial Products on 261
Water and Sediment Quality in Aquaculture Ponds
Claude E. Boyd and Orawan Silapajarn
9 Linking Ecotechnology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture 287
J. Olah, Mike Poliouakis and Claude E. Boyd
10 Marine Microbial Biotechnology and
Aquaculture - An Overview
P. K. Pandey and C.S. Purushothaman
viii Microbial Biotechnology in Agriculture and Aquaculture
11 Microbial Degradation of Pesticides: Atrazine as 353
a Case Study
Moshe Herzberg, Carlos G. Dosoretz and Michal Green
12 Microbiological Technology for Extraction of
Jute and Allied Fibres
M.K. Basak
13 Microbial Bioconversions of Agri-Horticultural
Produces into Alcoholic Beverages The Global Scene
-
Nduka Okafor
14 Aquaculture Biotechnology for Enhanced Fish
Production for Human Consumption
A. Exadactylos and Ioannis S. Arvanitoyannis
15 Microbial Processing of Agricultural Residues for
Production of Food, Feed and Food-Additives 511
Ramesh C. Ray, Anup K. Sahoo, Kozo Asano and Fusao Tomita
Index 553
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
A. Exadactylos
Department of Agriculture, Animal Production and Aquatic
Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly,
Volos 38446, Hellas, Greece
E-mail: [email protected]
Andrew F. Page
Department of Plant Biology, University of New Hampshire, Durham,
NH 03824, USA
Anup K. Sahoo
Regional Centre of Central Tuber Crops Research Institute,
Bhubaneswar 751 019, India
Bernard R. Glick
Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
N2L 3G1, Tel: + 519 888-4567 ext. 5208, Fax: + 519 746-0614
E-mail: gl [email protected] waterloo.ca
C. S. Purushothaman
Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Mumbai - 400061,
India,
E- mail: [email protected]
Carlos G. Dosoretz
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion - Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
Claude E. Boyd
Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University,
Alabama 36849, USA, Fax: +-334-844-5933
E-mail: [email protected]
Fusao Tomita
Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo,
Japan