Microbial Bioremediation: Sustainable Management of Environmental Contamination

313 Pages·2022·10.5 MB·English

by  Rouf Ahmad Bhat, Monica Butnariu, Gowhar Hamid Dar, Khalid Rehman Hakeem

Rouf Ahmad Bhat
Monica Butnariu
Gowhar Hamid Dar
Khalid Rehman Hakeem   Editors
Microbial
Bioremediation
Sustainable Management
of Environmental Contamination
Microbial Bioremediation
Rouf Ahmad Bhat • Monica Butnariu
Gowhar Hamid Dar • Khalid Rehman Hakeem
Editors
Microbial Bioremediation
Sustainable Management of Environmental
Contamination
Editors
Rouf Ahmad Bhat Monica Butnariu
Division of Environmental Sciences University of Life Sciences "King Mihai I"
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural from Timisoara
Sciences and Technology, Kashmir Timisoara, Romania
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Khalid Rehman Hakeem
Gowhar Hamid Dar Department of Biological Sciences
Department of Environmental Science King Abdulaziz University
Cluster University Srinagar Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
ISBN 978-3-031-18016-3 ISBN 978-3-031-18017-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18017-0
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Foreword
Bioremediation processes have numerous advantages from economic, environmen-
tal, and practical aspects when applied to remediate polluted and degraded environs.
They offer environment-friendly approaches which can be implemented effectively
for the removal of contamination in the environment. Adsorption and biodegrada-
tion of organic contaminants and the immobilization, mobilization, and/or transfor-
mation of metals and metalloids are the main remediation processes mediated by
the action of several microorganisms. This has been protracted scientifically. The
present book has designated a good quantity of space to the aspects of microbial-
mediated bioremediation processes beneficial to the environment and abilities of
microorganisms to convert noxious compounds into utilizable intermediates and
value-added products.
The book at the same time is evaluating and documenting the bio-techniques and
technologies that are and can be used to address the problems of pollution in a sus-
tainable manner. These technologies are not only eco-friendly but also cost effec-
tive. The latest research pertaining to biotechnology and bioremediation has been
presented in a lucid manner.
A total of 16 chapters have been included, and the first chapter addresses the
microbial mechanisms of degrading toxic metal compounds and their utilization in
bioremediation processes. Chapter “Aerobic Processes: Best Approach for the
Treatment of Wheat Starch Effluents” highlights the necessity of aerobic processes
having potential to reduce the quantity of wastes and their ability to recover the use-
ful substances from starch effluents, and their reuse for other purposes.
Although the harmful effects of numerous pesticides are well known, even then,
they are still in use in many regions of the world. In the light of these activities,
chapter “Banned Pesticides with High Persistence: The Impact of Their Use in
Agriculture and Their Removal by Microbial Biodegradation” highlights the toxic-
ity impacts of banned pesticides on animals and humans together with the ability of
microorganisms to remove these compounds from the environment.
Bioremediation is the most effective technique to overcome the contamination of
petroleum and other petroleum products; therefore, among other physical and
v
vi Foreword
chemical methods, this topic has been expounded in chapter “Bioremediations for
Oil Spills by Utilizing Microbes”.
The application of GEMs in bioremediation has been covered in depth, along
with the creation of recombinant strains with desirable characteristics via “route
design” and “enzyme specificity” alterations. All the findings related to this theme
have been discussed at length in the chapter “Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
for Bioremediation Processes”. Chapter “Microbial Modifications and Biochemical
Pathway: Mechanism for Ecosystem Decontamination” focuses on types of geneti-
cally engineered microorganisms having high potential for the degradation of toxic
pollutants and the future perspectives of GMMs as an alternative to enhance the
process of efficacy for its successful application at a wider scale. In chapter
“Innovative Biofilms Mediated as Empiricist of Bioremediation for Sustainable
Development”, “bacterial biofilms” as a promising technique for decontamination
of environmental pollutants has been discussed in full detail. Detailed information
pertaining to the importance of microorganisms in pollution remediation, their
advantages over other processes, and the influence of such microscopic organisms
on quality environs have been evaluated in chapter “Major Groups of Microorganisms
Employed in Bioremediation”. Microbial exploration and its metabolic capacity for
detoxification and restoration of natural ecosystems have been discussed in chapter
“Microbial Exploration and Their Metabolic Capacity for Detoxification and
Restoration of Natural Ecosystems”. Multidisciplinary research groups are and
have been dedicating their efforts to develop and propose innovative and eco-
friendly solutions to re-establish quality environment as well as avoid further dam-
age to the environment. Among these, the use of microbes as tools to efficiently
remediate polluted areas has been presented in chapter “Microbes in Restoration of
Polluted Ecosystems”. In chapter “Microbial Biotechnology: Energy Generation
Approach from the Environmental Waste”, the topic of bioprospecting for microor-
ganisms adapted to landfill conditions for later use in anaerobic digesters has been
discussed at length together with the treating of the degradable fractions of munici-
pal solid wastes, worth exploring for future studies. Chapter “Microbial Degradation
of Industrial Pollutants From Different Environments” focuses on the degradation
pathway of microbes in wastewater treatment, petroleum hydrocarbons, DDT deg-
radation, and pesticide residues which are used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and
day-to-day household products. An emphasis on the importance of various micro-
bial enzymes in pollution decontamination has been presented in chapter “Microbial
Enzymes and Their Importance in the Environmental Decontamination”. Plant-
associated bacteria and other micro-organisms are believed to be the important
natural resources which can serve as an ultimate alternative to face the global
demand for food. In this context, chapter “Structural and Functional Dynamics of
Bacterial World for Sustainability” has reviewed and highlighted the significance,
composition, and structural and functional dynamics of plant-associated bacteria
which profoundly benefit from plant growth and development in particular as well
as ecosystems in general. In relation to the development and growth of plants,
microorganisms are essential for soil processes such as nutrient recycling, func-
tional stability, and soil ecosystem sustainability. In this regard, chapter
Foreword vii
“Plant- Associated Bacteria in Ecosystems Functioning and Sustainability” dis-
cusses the recent advances in the plant-bacterial interactions, as well as enlightening
the considerable understanding on the new ways to employ beneficial microbes in
ecosystem functioning, restoration, and environmental sustainability. Chapter “The
Science of Microbial Enzymes as Detoxification Tool for Inorganic and Organic
Pollutants” is the last chapter, and it focuses on the most widely used bio-enzymes
(dehydrogenases, cytochrome P450s, proteases, lipases, and dehalogenases) for the
degradation of environmental toxicants, that is, aromatic hydrocarbons, dyes, deter-
gents, and agrochemical compounds.
I feel that this book will be a prized resource for researchers at the graduate level
vis-a-vis scientists working on bioremediation and related sciences. The authors and
editors have worked tremendously to build a noteworthy support to the area of bio-
remediation. I congratulate them and would like to wish all the best for their future
endeavors.
Münir Öztürk
Distinguished Visiting Scientist, ICCBS, Karachi University
KarachiPakistanConsultant Fellow, Faculty of Forestry
Universiti Putra Malaysia
SerdangMalaysiaVice President of the Islamic World Academy of Sciences,
Fellow of the Islamic World Academy of Science, Foreign Fellow Pakistan
Academy of Science, Professor (Emer.) of Ecology & Environmental Sciences,
Ex-Chairman Botany Department and Founder Director Centre for Environmental
Studies, Faculty of Science
Ege University
BornovaIzmirTurkey
Preface
The book entitled Microbial Bioremediation: Sustainable Management of
Environmental Contamination presents a set of microorganism-prompted technolo-
gies for environmental hygiene. These technologies are based on the use of meta-
bolic capabilities of microorganisms to remove contaminants from soils and waters.
The concept of the book starts from the idea that through microbial remediation, a
wide variety of polluting and toxic organic compounds can be bio-transformed until
they become harmless. Microbial bioremediation can even degrade some organic
compounds to their simplest forms, such as CH and CO. The technologies dis-
4 2
cussed under this theme can extract or immobilize environmental toxic substances
and will be no longer available in toxic forms to living organisms. Furthermore,
reducing the bioavailability of a toxic substance has been reconnoitred well,
although it does not involve removing the substance from the environment. In the
practice of “microbial bioremediation,” several concepts are used to reflect the bio-
remediation process, depending on the type of action of microorganisms involved in
the remediation process and bio-restoration of disturbed ecosystems.
We are enormously thankful to all the authors who have contributed to this book,
and to the Springer team for their substantial teamwork and for printing this volume.
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Rouf Ahmad Bhat
Timisoara, Romania Monica Butnariu
Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India Gowhar Hamid Dar
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Khalid Rehman Hakeem
ix
About the Book
Microbial communities can play a pivotal role in the conversion of agro-industrial
wastes to useful products. Bioremediation and biodegradation by microbes in envi-
ronmental monitoring offer environmental-friendly approaches that can be imple-
mented effectively for the removal of contamination in the environment. These
biological processes have numerous advantages from economic, environmental, and
practical aspects when applied to remediate polluted and degraded environs.
Microbial-mediated bioremediation process can benefit the environment by apply-
ing the abilities of microorganisms that enable the utilization of noxious compounds
and transforming them into utilizable intermediates and value-added products.
Recent advancements in this field (biochemical engineering, OMICS and genetic
engineering tools, and synthetic biology) paved the way for achieving these desired
criteria for bioremediation of environments.
Microbial Bioremediation: Sustainable Management of Environmental
Contamination summarizes the role of microbial consortium in environmental mon-
itoring and presents some facets regarding their use in ecological engineering, eco-
logical modeling, and ecological management, which allow obtaining consistent
results in environmental protection and management. This book provides important
information on microbial remediation and highlights the benefits of using combina-
tions of microorganisms selected for their synergistic capabilities to improve water,
soil, and air quality. The book significantly highlights the latest research in this field
and offers fascinating information on the attitude of microorganisms to improve the
environment quality and therefore opening new dimensions of their use.
Key Features
• Provides information on the utility of microorganisms for environmental moni-
toring and bioremediation of polluted environs
xi
xii About the Book
• Details the indicator microbial strains, route of pollution, and development of
tailor-made microbe-metabolites that can effectively be applied for the manage-
ment of fragile environments
• Focusses in detail on new technologies applied to bioremediate polluted envi-
rons, specially discussing the role of biological treatment, bioremediation, reha-
bilitation, or ecological reconstruction