Michael, Thomas, Market Analyst. Standard Сatalog of World Coins 1701-1800

1443 Pages·2014·252.23 MB·English

by  Cuhaj

1701-1800 Standard Catalog of ®
THE Reference to 18th Century World Coins WORLD
6th Edition
As the world’s maritime superpowers of the 18th century expanddeedd
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their reach, coinage made fi nancial connections possible. Now,
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thanks to the Standard Catalog of World Coins 1701-1800, you can
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connect with the coins from that exciting era of global and a
economic expansion. Showcasing more than 20,000 images, n COINS
detailed descriptions, and expert market analysis, the new Od
edition of the catalog provides researchers, collectors and a
dealers an exquisite reference to 18th century coinage. r
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With the input of nearly 80 international coin experts and R

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nearly 50 auction houses worldwide, the new sixth edition offers
listings from more than 600 issuing geographical locationss ttoo a
bring this important phase in world coinage home to you. t
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l 1701-1800
The new edition features:
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• Completely vetted and revised values 6th Edition
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• Updated coin descriptions

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• Expanded and improved coin images
GEORGE S. CUHAJ, EDITOR • THOMAS MICHAEL, MARKET ANALYST
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• Signifi cant price increases for coins of Austrian
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States, Brazil, German States, India, Malta, Poland,
Portugal, Russia and Spain

• Signifi cant additions to listings for Indian, Italian
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States and Portugal
The Standard Catalog of World Coins 1701-1800 is the coin
catalog you’ve come to depend on and the one you can trustt ffor O
the best in world numismatics. Add this new edition to your library today!
About the Editors
I
George S. Cuhaj has been on the editorial staff of the Standard Catalog of® World Paper Money and the Standard
Catalog of® World Coins for nearly 20 years. He is lead editor for the online product NumisMaster, cataloging
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new issues. Cuhaj also is the lead editor on the Standard Catalog of® United States Paper Money and Canadian
Coin Digest, among others. He was formerly a cataloger for the American Numismatic Society and Stack’s Rare
Coins, both of New York City.
Thomas Michael has maintained world coin values in all Krause Publications’ world coin references for more S
than 25 years. His interest in numismatics stretches back to childhood and has lead him to be a part of the
production of more than 100 price guides, many of them award winning.
20,000

CUHAJ
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0001-0016_U8548.fm Page 1 Tuesday, October 8, 2013 1:44 PM
1
George Cuhaj Thomas Michael Harry Miller
Editor Market Analyst US. Market Analyst
Deborah McCue Kay Sanders
Database Specialist Editorial Assistant
Special Contributors
Juan Cayón
Rajender Maru
Alexander Shapiro
Bullion Value (BV) Market Valuations
Valuations for all platinum, gold, palladium and silver coins of the more
common, basically bullion types, or those possessing only modest
numismatic premiums are presented in this edition based on the market levels of:
$1,500 per ounce for platinum
$1,350 per ounce for gold
$725 per ounce for palladium
$23.50 per ounce for silver
0001-0016_U8548.fm Page 2 Tuesday, October 8, 2013 1:44 PM
2
Copyright ©2013 F+W Media, Inc.
All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or
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Published by
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To order books or other products call toll-free 1-800-258-0929
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ISSN 1078-8816
ISBN-13: 978-1-4402-3884-0
ISBN-10: 1-4402-3884-7
Cover and Interior Design by Jana Tappa
Edited by George Cuhaj
Printed in the United States of America
CopyrightPage_U8548.indd 2 10/7/13 4:32PM
0001-0016_U8548.fm Page 3 Tuesday, October 8, 2013 1:44 PM
INTRODUCTION 3
INTRODUCTION
We are pleased to present the completely revised an over 1,400-page book complete with detailed
and updated sixth edition of the Standard Catalog of information no collector or dealer can do without.
World Coins 1701-1800. This edition not only con- Does this mean this Standard Catalog of World
tains three years of market adjustments, it provides Coins 1701-1800 volume represents unquestioned
expanded descriptions, pricing in four grades of pres- completeness of coverage for the era? No.
ervation and hundreds of new images. Is it a definitive work, on the basis of authoritative-
Market adjustments are where we have spent the ness and exhaustiveness? Yes.
bulk of our time. Gold and silver bullion prices have Is it the ultimate word on the subject that will ever
risen since the fifth edition was produced and the be published? We certainly hope not.
values represented in this volume have taken into What this is, in effect, is a living and breathing
account those new levels. book. This is a reference that will grow and benefit
This volume contains a wealth of data for the Ger- your future interests, in the presentation of succes-
man States and the Holy Roman Empire, France, sor editions, to the measure of what you, the user,
Great Britain, Spain, Russia, Italian States, Poland, contribute to make it something more than it is at
Portugal and new world colonies such as Brazil and present. Toward that end, you are invited — make
Mexico. Concise listings of minors and fractional that encouraged — to point out errors and omis-
issues, which have generally been available to col- sions and challenge any content you have reason to
lectors and dealers only in long out-of-print, difficult question. Perhaps together we can advance this
to locate, non-English references, are presented massive base of knowledge.
here in an easy-to-use format, making this catalog Should you have new listing information or a coin
an excellent one-stop resource. for possible illustration consideration, we would wel-
In keeping with the traditions that have been held come correspondence to George.Cuhaj@fwme-
in focus with the Standard Catalog of World Coins dia.com. Coins for illustration should be scanned at
from the very first edition, this volume is organized 100 percent size, 300 dpi and sent as a jpeg with
in a user-friendly format. An alphabetical sort order the mm size of the coin under consideration, as well
has been incorporated for countries of issue. Efforts as the catalog number reference and the country of
have been made to indicate each change in political origin.
structure or issuing authority and its associated We hope you find this new edition meets your col-
coinage. The listings are generally arranged by lecting needs. Enjoy your hobby.
denomination, which now appear with each listing.
Coins are heavily illustrated by basic types, to the George S. Cuhaj, Editor
point that there is a virtual certainty you will find a Thomas Michael, Market Analyst
photo match to the designs, or at least a clear
description of any 18th century coins that may come
into your possession. To facilitate the easy identifi-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
cation and attribution of coins of the era, this volume
features numerous helpful mint and privy mark
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
charts in the country introductions.
The Standard Catalog of World Coins 1701-1800 Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
6th Edition is the result of nearly 40 years of
Contributing To The Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
research by more than 200 respected numismatic
experts around the world. True to the stated objec- Country Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
tive of the original Standard Catalog of World Coins How To Use This Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
(published in 1971), this edition augments the cur-
Standard International Grading Terminology &
rent family of five century reference catalogs, which
conveniently replace a shelf of often-elusive special- Abbreviations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
ized books, many of which are obscure and when
Standard International Numeral Systems . . . . 15
found, very expensive.
Hejira Date Conversion Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
The updated sixth edition provided an opportunity
for focus on some specific areas long in need of 18th Century Legends. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421
heavy revision such as India and includes pricing
Illustrated Guide To Eastern Mint Names . . 1432
revisions throughout. More detail and improved
descriptions are found in every country. The result is
0001-0016_U8548.fm Page 4 Tuesday, October 8, 2013 1:44 PM
4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many numismatists have contributed countless changes, which have been incorporated in this edition.
While all cannot be acknowledged here, special appreciation is extended to the following individuals and
organizations who have exhibited a special dedication — revising and verifying historical and technical
data and coin listings, reviewing market valuations and providing digital images — for this edition.
Dr. Lawrence A. Adams Wilhelm R. Eglseer Jürgen Mikeska Dale Seppa
Stephen Album John Ferm Juozas Minikevicius Saran Singh
Antonio Alessandrini Thomas Fitzgerald Andy Mirski Alexander Shapiro
Esko Alroth Eugene Freeman Paul Montz Clark Smith
Scott Annechino Arthur Friedberg Horst-Dieter Müller
Gylfi Snorrason
Jan Bendix Tom Galway Dr. N. Douglas Nicol
Alim A. Sumana
Allen Berman Lajos Gergely Arkady Nakhimovsky
Steven Tan
Wolfgang Bertsch Marcel Häberling Bill Noyes
Mehmet Tolga Tanner
Joseph Boling Flemming Lyngbeck Hansen Alberto Paashaus
M. Louis Teller
Al Boulanger Emmanuel Henry Janusz Parchimowicz
Archie Tonkin
Klaus Bronny Serge Huard Frank Passic
Anthony Tumonis
Doru Calin Ton Jacobs Marc Pelletier
Erik J. van Loon
Ralph Cannito Alex Kaglyan Gastone Polacco
Italo Vecchi
Adolfo Cayón Craig Keplinger Mircea Raicopol
Juan Cayón Ronachai Krisadaolarn Kavan Ratnatunga Justin C. Wang
Fred L. Colombo Joseph E. Lang Isaac Rudman Randy Weir
Scott Cordry Nirat Lertchitvikul Jacco Scheper Paul C. Welz
Jed Crump Ma Tak Wo Gerhard Schön Stewart Westdal
Raymond Czahor Archie Maru Daniel Frank Sedwick John Wilkison
Howard A. Daniel III Rajender Maru Olav Sejerøe Joseph Zaffern
— AUCTION HOUSES —
Aureo & Calico Hess-Divo Ltd. Numismatik Lanz München
Baldwin’s Auctions Ltd. Gerhard D. Hirsch Nachfolger Dr. Busso Peus Nachfolger
Classical Numismatic Group Thomas Høiland Møntauktion
Bruun Rasmussen
Daniel Frank Sedwick, LLC Fritz Rudolf Künker Münzhandlung
Auktionshaus H.D. Rauch GmbH
Dix, Noonan, Webb, Ltd. Leipziger Münzhandlung
Riibe Mynthandel AS
Dmitry Markov Coins & Medals LHS Numismatik AG
Schulman BV
Jean Elsen S.A. Maison Palombo
Frankfurter Münzhandlung Marudhar Arts Sotheby’s
Ira & Larry Goldberg Auktionshaus Meister & Sonntag Spink - Smythe
Coins & Collectibles, Inc. Münzenhandlung Harald Möller, GmbH St. James Auction Ltd.
Hauck & Aufhäuser Münzen & Medaillen Deutschland, GmbH
Stack’s Bowers and Ponterio
Heidelberg Münzhandlung Herbert Grün Moneti i Medali
Steve Album Rare Coins
Gorny & Mosch – MPO Auctions
UBS, AG, Gold & Numismatics
Giessener Münzhandlung Münz Zentrum Köln
Auktion Heidrun Höhn Münz Zentrum Rheinland Jean Vinchon Numismatique
Helios Numismatik Noble Numismatics, Pty. Ltd. Westfälische Auktionsgesellschaft
Heritage World Coin Auctions Numismatica Ars Classica World Wide Coins of California
CONTRIBUTING TO THE CATALOG
SENDING SCANNED IMAGES OFFERING DATA CORRECTIONS SUGGESTING VALUE CHANGES
• Scan images with a resolution of 300 dpi • Refer to coins by country and catalog • Reference the coins country and
number catalog number
• Set size at 100%
• be as clear and specific as possible • Specify date and grade
• Scan in true 4-color
• Save images as ‘jpeg’ • Send your comments to the editor at • Explain your sources
[email protected] • Send your suggestions to the market analyst
• Specify the country, catalog number,
denomination and diameter of coin at [email protected]
• Send images to the editor at
[email protected]
0001-0016_U8548.fm Page 5 Tuesday, October 8, 2013 1:44 PM
COUNTRY INDEX 5
COUNTRY INDEX
Aachen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266 Beromuenster . . . . . . . . . . . . .1344 Cispadine Republic. . . . . . . . . . 975
Aalen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Bharatpur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .878 Civitavecchia, Papal
Afghanistan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Bhatgaon, Kingdom of. . . . . . .1177 States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1028
Aire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Bhaunagar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .880 Civitavecchia, Roman
Alessandria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 Bhopal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881 Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1045
Algeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Bhutan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .102 Cleves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Algiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Biberach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301 Clitunno, Roman Republic . . . 1045
Alwar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 Bijawar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881 Cochin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
Ancona, Papal States. . . . . . . 1018 Bikanir. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .881 Coesfeld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Ancona, Roman Republic . . . 1044 Bindraban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .882 Colloredo-Mansfeld. . . . . . . . . . . 70
Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Blackenburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Cologne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377
Anhalt-Bernburg. . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Bocholt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Colombia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Anhalt-Bernburg- Bohemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1401
Schaumburg-Hoym . . . . . . 271 Bolivia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115 Constance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
Anhalt-Kothen . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Bologna, Papal States. . . . . . .1019 Cooch Behar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829
Anhalt-Zerbst. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Bombay Presidency. . . . . . . . . .933 Coorg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 884
Appenzell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332 Brabant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1314 Corsica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Aragon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313 Brandenburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .302 Corte. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 975
Arakan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820 Brandenburg-Ansbach. . . . . . . .302 Corvey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Arcot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868, 912 Brandenburg-Ansbach- Courland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Arenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Bayreuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 Crailsheim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Armenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Brandenburg-Bayreuth . . . . . . .315 Crimea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Ascoli, Papal States. . . . . . . . 1018 Braunau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Cuba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Ascoli, Roman Republic. . . . . 1045 Brazil. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123 Curacao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Assam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821 Bremen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323 Dai Viet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415
Auersperg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Breslau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .326 Dalmatia and Albania . . . . . . . 1093
Augsburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Bressanone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .974 Damao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 916
Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Bretzenheim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .328 Danish India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 910
Austrian Netherlands . . . . . . . . . 91 British India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .925 Danish West Indies. . . . . . . . . . 162
Austrian States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 British Virgin Islands . . . . . . . . .134 Danzig. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Awadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 870 Brixen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68 Darband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Azerbaijan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Broach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .883 Datia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Azores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Brunswick-Blankenburg. . . . . . .329 Denmark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Bacaim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915 Brunswick-Luneburg- Deventer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189
Baden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 Calenberg-Hannover. . . . . .330 Dholpur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 885
Baglana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 829 Brunswick-Luneburg-Celle . . . .352 Dietrichstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Bahawalpur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876 Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. . . . . . .353 Disentis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347
Bamberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Buchhorn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .375 Diu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917
Banjarmasin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218 Bukhara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135 Dominica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Banswara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 877 Bundi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .883 Dortmund . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
Barbados . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Burgau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69 Dutch India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Barcelona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313 Burma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1175 East Friesland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Baroda. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878 Cagliari . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .974 East Prussia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1242
Basel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333 Cannanore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884 Eger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Batavian Republic . . . . . . . . . 1187 Casale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .974 Egypt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Batthyani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 Castiglione dei Gatti . . . . . . . . .975 Eichstatt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Bavaria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 Cayenne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261 Einsiedeln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1347
Belgiojoso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 Central Asia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134 Elbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1244
Belmonte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 974 Ceylon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Elichpur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891
Bengal Presidency. . . . . . . . . . 926 Chhatarpur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .884 Ellwangen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Bentheim-Tecklenburg- Chile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Erbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Rheda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 China, Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142 Erfurt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Bermuda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Chur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1345 Essen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Bern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1338 Cisalpine Republic. . . . . . . . . . .975 Essequibo & Demerary. . . 179, 728
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6 COUNTRY INDEX
Esslingen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394 Gubbio, Roman Republic. . . . .1046 Ireland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .969
Eszterhazy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Gurkha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831 Isle de Bourbon. . . . . . . . . . . . .971
Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Guyana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .728 Isle of Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .971
Fagnolle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 Haiti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .728 Isles de Vent. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1420
Fano, Papal States. . . . . . . . . 1028 Haldenstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1352 Isny. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447
Farrukhabad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 Hall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412 Isole del Levante. . . . . . . . . . . 1093
Fermo, Papal States. . . . . . . . 1029 Hamburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .415 Italian States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .973
Fermo, Roman Republic. . . . . 1045 Hamm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420 Jaintiapur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .831
Ferrara, Papal States. . . . . . . 1029 Hanau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420 Jaipur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .895
Firoznagar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 Hanau-Lichtenberg . . . . . . . . . .420 Jaisalmir . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .897
Fischingen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1348 Hanau-Munzenberg. . . . . . . . . .421 Jamaica. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1094
Flanders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1315 Harar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179 Jammu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
Foligno, Papal States . . . . . . . 1031 Heilbronn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 Janid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Foligno, Roman Republic. . . . 1046 Hejaz & Mecca . . . . . . . . . . . .1296 Janjira Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .898
France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 Helvetian Republic. . . . . . . . . .1373 Jaora. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .898
Franconian Circle. . . . . . . . . . . 394 Henneberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .423 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1095
Frankfurt am Main . . . . . . . . . . 394 Henneberg-Ilmenau. . . . . . . . . .423 Java. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1218
Freiburg im Breisgau . . . . . . . . 400 Henneberg-Schleusingen . . . . .424 Jever. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .447
Freising. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Hesse-Cassel . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424 Jind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .898
French Colonies. . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Hesse-Darmstadt. . . . . . . . . . . .433 Jodhpur. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .898
French Guiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Hesse-Homburg . . . . . . . . . . . .438 Jodhpur Feudatory . . . . . . . . . .899
French India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 912 Hildensheim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438 Julich-Berg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .448
French States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Hohenlohe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .442 Kachar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .832
Friedberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Hohenlohe-Bartenstein . . . . . . .442 Kadakh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .903
Frieiburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1348 Hohenlohe-Bartenstein- Kaga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099
Friesland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189 Pfedelbach. . . . . . . . . . . . . .442 Kaithal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900
Fugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen . . . . . . .442 Kalayani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Fulda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Hohenlohe-Kirchberg. . . . . . . . .442 Kalsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900
Furstenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408 Hohenlohe-Langenburg. . . . . . .443 Karabagh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
Furstenberg-Purglitz. . . . . . . . . 408 Hohenlohe-Neuenstein- Karauli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900
Furstenberg-Stuhlingen . . . . . . 408 Oehringen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .443 Karikal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .913
Further Austria. . . . . . . . . . . . . 409 Hohenlohe-Neuenstein- Kathmandu, Kingdom of. . . . . 1178
Gadwal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 891 Weikersheim . . . . . . . . . . . .445 Kaufbeuren. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
Galicia & Lodomeria. . . . . . . . 1245 Hohenlohe-Pfedelbach . . . . . . .445 Kedah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1137
Ganja . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 Hohenlohe-Waldenburg- Kempten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .452
Schillingsfurst . . . . . . . . . . .446
Garhwal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 886 Khevenhuller-Metsch . . . . . . . . .71
Hohenzollern-Hechingen. . . . . .446
Gelderland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1189 Kinsky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Holland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1194
Geneva. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1349 Kirchberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
Holstein-Gottorp-Rendsborg . . .173
Genoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976 Kishangarh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900
Hungary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .728
Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Kolhapur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .901
Hyderabad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .890
German States. . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Konigsegg-Rothenfels. . . . . . . .453
Hyderabad Feudatories. . . . . . .891
Gluckstadt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1099
India - British . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .925
Gnesen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245 Kosel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
India - Danish . . . . . . . . . . . . . .910
Goa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 919 Koshu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1099
India - Dutch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .915
Gold Coast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 Kotah. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .901
India - European Infulences. . . .910
Gond . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830 Krakow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1245
India - French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .912
Gorizia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 980 Krim. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
India - Independent
Goslar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410 Kuchaman. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .900
Kingdoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . .820
Great Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704 Kumaon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .833
India - Mughal Empire. . . . . . . .743
Grenada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 Kutch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .901
India - Portuguese. . . . . . . . . . .915
Groningen and Ommeland. . . 1194 Landau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .453
India - Princely States . . . . . . . .867
Grosswardein. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1384 Lauenburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
Indore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892
Guadeloupe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 Le Cap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .728
Indore Feudatory. . . . . . . . . . . .892
Guastalla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 Leeward Islands . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .940
Guatemala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 Leitmeritz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .969
Gubbio, Papal States . . . . . . . 1032 Leutkirch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .455
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COUNTRY INDEX 7
Libya. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127 Montalto, Papal States. . . . . . .1036 Ottoman Empire, Qubba. . . . . . . 99
Liechtenstein . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129 Montfort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487 Ottoman Empire, Sheki. . . . . . . . 99
Liege . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1130 Montserrat. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1167 Ottoman Empire, Shemakhi . . . . 99
Lille. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 Morocco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1168 Ottoman Empire, Syria. . . . . . 1374
Lindau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1174 Ottoman Empire, Tunis. . . . . . 1384
Lippe-Detmold . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 Mughal Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . .743 Ottoman Empire, Turkey. . . . . 1388
Lithuania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133 Muhlhausen in Alsace. . . . . . . .491 Overyssel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
Livonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134 Muhlhausen Thuringen . . . . . . .491 Paar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Livonia & Estonia. . . . . . . . . . 1134 Munster. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .492 Paderborn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
Livorno. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 982 Muri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1355 Palembang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1220
Lobkowitz-Sternstein . . . . . . . . 114 Myanmar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1175 Panna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Lorraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460 Mysore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .847, 905 Papal States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 999
Lowenstein-Wertheim- Nabha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .905 Parma. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1039
Rochefort. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463 Najibabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .864 Partabgarh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 907
Lowenstein-Wertheim- Namur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1316 Passau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Virneburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Naples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .993 Patan, Kingdom of . . . . . . . . . 1180
Lowenstein-Wertheim- Narayanpett. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .892 Patani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375
Virnesburg & Rochefort . . . 467
Narwar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .906 Patiala. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
Lubeck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
Nassau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497 Penang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137
Lucca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 983
Nassau-Dietz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .497 Pergola, Papal States. . . . . . . 1036
Luneburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Nassau-Weilburg. . . . . . . . . . . .496 Pergola, Roman Republic. . . . 1047
Luxembourg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
Navarre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1313 Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1225
Luzern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1353 Nawanagar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .906 Perugia, Papal States. . . . . . . 1036
Maastricht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1198 Nepal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1176 Perugia, Roman Republic. . . . 1047
Macerata, Papal States . . . . . 1035 Nepal, Shah Dynasty. . . . . . . .1183 Pfalz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Macerata, Roman Republic . . 1047 Netherlands. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1187 Pfalz-Birkenfeld-
Madras Presidency . . . . . . . . . 937 Netherlands East Indies . . . . .1214 Zweibrucken. . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Madurai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 Netherlands West Indies. . . . .1221 Pfalz-Electoral Pfalz . . . . . . . . . 520
Mainz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 Neuchatel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1355 Pfalz-Zweibrucken . . . . . . . . . . 531
Majorca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313 New Hampshire. . . . . . . . . . . .1403 Philippines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235
Malay Peninsula. . . . . . . . . . . 1137 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1403 Piacenza. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041
Maldive Islands . . . . . . . . . . . 1138 New Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161 Piedmont Republic . . . . . . . . . 1042
Maler Kotla. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 New York. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1403 Pisa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1140 Nijmegen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1199 Poland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1235
Manipur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 Norway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1221 Pomerania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
Mansfeld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 Nostitz-Rieneck. . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Pondichery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 914
Mansfeld-Bornstedt . . . . . . . . . 480 Nurnberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499 Porcia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
Mansfeld-Eisleben . . . . . . . . . . 480 Oldenburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505 Portugal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246
Mantua. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 985 Olmutz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71 Portuguese India. . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Maratha Confederacy. . . . . . . . 834 Orbetello . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .998 Prussia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Martinique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149 Orchha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .906 Pudukkottai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
Massa-Carrara. . . . . . . . . . . . . 987 Orezzo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .999 Pyrmont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . 1402 Orsini-Rosenberg . . . . . . . . . . . .76 Qubba. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Matelica, Papal States. . . . . . 1035 Orta. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .999 Quedlinburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Mecklenburg-Schwerin. . . . . . . 480 Osnabruck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506 Ragusa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1256
Mecklenburg-Strelitz . . . . . . . . 484 Ottingen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511 Ratlam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 908
Memmingen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Ottingen-Ottingen . . . . . . . . . . .511 Ravenna, Papal States. . . . . . 1037
Mewar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 903 Ottingen-Wallerstein- Ravensburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1151 Spielgerg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511 Reckheim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Milan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987 Ottoman Empire, Algiers. . . . . . .31 Regensburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Mimasaka. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1099 Ottoman Empire, Armenia. . . . . .35 Reichenau-Tamins . . . . . . . . . 1357
Mirandola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992 Ottoman Empire, Darband. . . . . .98 Retegno . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1042
Modena . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 992 Ottoman Empire, Egypt. . . . . . .175 Reuss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Moldavia & Wallachia. . . . . . . 1166 Ottoman Empire, Ganja. . . . . . . .98 Reuss-Ebersdorf. . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Mompelgart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 486 Ottoman Empire, Georgia . . . . .262 Reuss-Gera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Monaco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1166 Ottoman Empire, Karabagh. . . . .99 Reuss-Lobenstein. . . . . . . . . . . 574
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8 COUNTRY INDEX
Reuss-Obergreiz . . . . . . . . . . . 574 Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt. . . . . .638 Tobago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1376
Reuss-Schleiz . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 Schwarzburg-Sondershausen. .640 Tortola. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Reuss-Untergreiz. . . . . . . . . . . 576 Schwarzenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . .641 Tournai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
Rheinau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1358 Schweinfurt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .642 Tranquebar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .910
Rietberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 Schwyz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1361 Transylvania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377
Riga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1134 Scotland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1297 Trautson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
Rohilkhand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859 Sendai. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1099 Travancore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .909
Sheki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Trengganu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137
Roman Republic. . . . . . . . . . . 1043
Shemakhi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99 Trento . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1063
Ronciglione, Papal States . . . 1038
Siberia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1292 Trier. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666
Rostock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578
Sicily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1056 Trinidad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1384
Rothenburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1297 Tripoli. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1127
Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1258
Sikh Empire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .862 Tripura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865
Saint Alban. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
Sikh Feudatory Najibabad. . . . .864 Tunis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1384
Saint Eustatius. . . . . . . . . . . . 1294
Silesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .643 Tunisia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1384
Saint Gall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1358
Sinkiang Province . . . . . . . . . . .151 Turkey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1387
Saint Helena. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1294
Sinzendorf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Tuscany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
Saint Lucia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295
Sitten. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1362 Ulm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673
Saint Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295
Sivaganga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .864 United Dai Nam. . . . . . . . . . . . 1420
Saint Vincent . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295
Soest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650 United States, Colonial
Salm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Solms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .651 Tokens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1399
Salm-Grumbach. . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Solms-Braunfels . . . . . . . . . . . .651 United States, Early Federal
Salm-Kyrburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580 Solms-Laubach . . . . . . . . . . . . .651 Coinage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1409
Salzburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Solothurn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1362 United States, Republic . . . . . 1411
San Georgio. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048 Soragna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1063 Unterwalden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1364
San Martino . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048 South Dai Viet . . . . . . . . . . . . .1418 Uri. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1366
San Severino, Papal States . . 1038 South Prussia . . . . . . . . . . . . .1245 Uri, Schwyz & Unterwalden . . 1366
Sardinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048 Spain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1298 Utrecht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1200
Saudi Arabia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1296 Spain - Local Coinage. . . . . . .1313 Valencia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1313
Savoy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1055 Spanish Netherlands. . . . . . . .1314 Vasto. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld . . . . . . . 626 Speyer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .653 Venice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068
Saxe-Eisenach. . . . . . . . . . . . . 604 Spoleto, Papal States . . . . . . .1038 Ventimiglia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1093
Saxe-Eisenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . 619 Sprinzenstein. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90 Vermont. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1404
Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg . . . . . . . 612 Stolberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654 Vienna. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Saxe-Hildburghausen. . . . . . . . 620 Stolberg-Gedern . . . . . . . . . . . .654 Viet Nam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1415
Saxe-Meiningen. . . . . . . . . . . . 616 Stolberg-Rossla. . . . . . . . . . . . .654 Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1401
Stolberg-Stolberg. . . . . . . . . . . .654 Viterbo, Papal States . . . . . . . 1039
Saxe-Saalfeld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Stolberg-Wernigerode. . . . . . . .662 Waldeck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675
Saxe-Weimar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
Stralsund. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .663 Waldeck-Pyrmont . . . . . . . . . . .676
Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach . . . . . . 605
Strassburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664 Werden & Helmstedt. . . . . . . . .677
Saxe-Weissenfels. . . . . . . . . . . 602
Sumatra, Island of. . . . . . . . . .1220 West Friesland . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205
Saxony. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Suriname. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1317 Wiedenbruck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .677
Saxony-Albertine . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Swabian Circle. . . . . . . . . . . . . .665 Wied-Neuwied. . . . . . . . . . . . . .678
Sayn-Altenkirchen . . . . . . . . . . 631
Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1318 Wied-Runkel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .679
Sayne. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Swiss Canton. . . . . . . . . . . . . .1332 Windisch-Gratz. . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Sayn-Hachenberg . . . . . . . . . . 631
Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1372 Winward Islands . . . . . . . . . . . 1420
Schaumburg-Hessen . . . . . . . . 632
Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1374 Wismar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .680
Schaumburg-Lippe. . . . . . . . . . 632 Tajima . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1099 Worms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .681
Schleswig-Holstein. . . . . . . . . . 634 Tanjore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .864 Wurttemberg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .681
Schleswig-Holstein- Tashkand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Wurttemberg-Ols. . . . . . . . . . . .692
Glucksburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . 635 Terni, Papal States . . . . . . . . .1039 Wurzburg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693
Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp . . . 635 Teutonic Order. . . . . . . . . . . . . .665 Yanaon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .914
Schleswig-Holstein-Polen. . . . . 637 Thailand. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1374 Yemen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1420
Schlick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Thorn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1246 Zebabad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .866
Schmalkalden. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637 Thurn and Taxis. . . . . . . . . . . . .666 Zeeland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1210
Schonau. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 Tibet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1375 Zoefingen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1366
Schwarzburg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638 Tinnevelly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .865 Zug . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1367
Schwarzburg-Arnstadt . . . . . . . 638 Tivoli, Papal States . . . . . . . . .1039 Zurich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1367
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HOW TO USE THIS CATALOG 9
HOW TO USE THIS CATALOG
This catalog series is designed to serve the needs of Norway, Espana for Spain, Sverige for Sweden and Hel-
both the novice and advanced collectors. It provides a com- vetia for Switzerland.
prehensive guide to over 400 years of world coinage. It is Thus it can be seen there are instances in which a little
generally arranged so that persons with no more than a schooling in the rudiments of foreign languages can be
basic knowledge of world history and a casual acquain- most helpful. In general, colonial possessions of countries
tance with coin collecting can consult it with confidence using the Western alphabet are similarly identifiable as they
and ease. The following explanations summarize the gen- often carry portraits of their current rulers, the familiar let-
eral practices used in preparing this catalog's listings. How- tering, sometimes in combination with a companion des-
ever, because of specialized requirements, which may vary ignation in the local language.
by country and era, these must not be considered ironclad. Collectors have the greatest difficulty with coins that
Where these standards have been set aside, appropriate do not bear legends or dates in the Western systems.
notations of the variations are incorporated in that partic- These include coins bearing Cyrillic lettering, attributable
ular listing. to Bulgaria, Russia, the Slavic states and Mongolia, the
Greek script peculiar to Greece, Crete and the Ionian
ARRANGEMENT
Islands; The Amharic characters of Ethiopia. Dragons and
Countries are arranged alphabetically. Political changes sunbursts along with the distinctive word characters
within a country are arranged chronologically. In countries attribute a coin to the Oriental countries of China, Japan,
where Rulers are the single most significant political entity Korea, Tibet, Viet Nam and their component parts.
a chronological arrangement by Ruler has been employed. The most difficult coins to identify are those bearing
Distinctive sub-geographic regions are listed alphabetically only Persian or Arabic script and its derivatives, found on
following the countries main listings. A few exceptions to the issues of nations stretching in a wide swath across
these rules may exist. Refer to the Country Index. North Africa and East Asia, from Morocco to Indonesia,
Diverse coinage types relating to fabrication methods, and the Indian subcontinent coinages which surely are
revaluations, denomination systems, non-circulating cate- more confusing in their vast array of Nagari, Sanskrit,
gories and such have been identified, separated and Ahom, Assamese and other local dialects found on the
arranged in logical fashion. Chronological arrangement is local issues of the Indian Princely States. Although the task
employed for most circulating coinage, i.e., Hammered of identification on the more modern issues of these lands
coinage will normally precede Milled coinage, monetary is often eased by the added presence of Western alphabet
reforms will flow in order of their institution. Non-circulating legends, a feature sometimes adopted as early as the late
types such as Essais, Pieforts, Patterns and Trial Strikes 19th Century, for the earlier pieces it is often necessary for
will follow the main listings. the uninitiated to laboriously seek and find.
Within a coinage type coins will be listed by denomi- Except for the cruder issues, however, it will be found
nation, from smallest to largest. Numbered types within a that certain characteristics and symbols featured in addi-
denomination will be ordered by their first date of issue. tion to the predominant legends are typical on coins from
a given country or group of countries. The toughra mono-
IDENTIFICATION gram, for instance, occurs on some of the coins of Afghan-
The most important step in the identification of a coin istan, Egypt, the Sudan, Pakistan, Turkey and other areas
is the determination of the nation of origin. This is generally of the late Ottoman Empire. A predominant design feature
easily accomplished where English-speaking lands are on the coins of Nepal is the trident; while neighboring Tibet
concerned, however, use of the country index is sometimes features a lotus blossom or lion on many of their issues.
required. The coins of Great Britain provide an interesting To assist in identification of the more difficult coins, we
challenge. For hundreds of years the only indication of the have assembled the Instant Identifier section presented on
country of origin was in the abbreviated Latin legends. In the following pages designed to provide a point of begin-
recent times there have been occasions when there has ning for collectors by allowing them to compare unidentified
been no indication of origin. Only through the familiarity of coins with photographic details from typical issues.
the monarchical portraits, symbols and legends or indica- We also suggest reference to the comprehensive
tion of currency system are they identifiable. Country Index.
The coins of many countries beyond the English-lan-
DATING
guage realm, such as those of French, Italian or Spanish
heritage, are also quite easy to identify through reference Coin dating is the final basic attribution consideration.
to their legends, which appear in the national languages Here, the problem can be more difficult because the read-
based on Western alphabets. In many instances the name ing of a coin date is subject not only to the vagaries of
is spelled exactly the same in English as in the national numeric styling, but to calendar variations caused by the
language, such as France; while in other cases it varies observance of various religious eras or regal periods from
only slightly, like Italia for Italy, Belgique or Belgie for Bel- country to country, or even within a country. Here again
gium, Brasil for Brazil and Danmark for Denmark. with the exception of the sphere from North Africa through
This is not always the case, however, as in Norge for the Orient, it will be found that most countries rely on West-