Metrology in Industry - The Key for Quality

271 Pages·2006·1.844 MB·English

by  French College of Metrology, Dominique Placko

Metrology in Industry
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Metrology in Industry
The Key for Quality

French College of Metrology

Series Editor
Dominique Placko
First published in Great Britain and the United States in 2006 by ISTE Ltd
Translated into English by Jean Barbier

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© ISTE Ltd, 2006
The rights of the French College of Metrology to be identified as the authors of this work has
been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Metrology in industry : the key for quality / edited by French College of Metrology.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-905209-51-4
1. Quality control. 2. Metrology. I. Collège français de métrologie.
TS156.M485 2006
620'.0045--dc22
2006003530

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 10: 1-905209-51-7
ISBN 13: 978-1-905209-51-4
Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.
Table of Contents
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Chapter 1. Analysis of the Metrological Requirements Needed to
Ensure Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Jean-Yves ARRIAT and Klaus-Dieter SCHITTHELM
1.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.2. Definition of the objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.3. Choice of the method of measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3.1. Accounting for the selection of the method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.3.2. Defining the method and the principle to implement. . . . . . . . . 23
1.4. Choice of the means of measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.4.2. Analysis of what is already available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.4.3. Assessment and acquisition of material. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.4.4. Technical criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.4.1. Basic characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.4.2. Comportment towards influence quantities. . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.4.3. Durability of the instruments used. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.4.4.4. Homogeneity of the supply of instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.4.5. Quality of the supplier’s service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.4.6. Adaptation of the instrument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.4.4.7. Possibility of traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.4.4.8. Computerization and the speed of taking measurements. . . . . 29
1.4.4.9. Ergonomics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.4.4.10. Capability of measuring instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
6 Metrology in Industry
1.4.5. Economic criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.4.6. Grid of the analysis of the choice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.4.6.1. Stage 1: primary technical requirements
(unavoidably necessary). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.4.6.2. Stage 2: secondary technical requirements (desirable). . . . . . 31
1.4.7. Technical assistance for users of measuring instruments. . . . . . . 33
1.4.7.1. The EXERA (France) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.4.7.2. VDI/VDE-GMA (Germany) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
1.5. The traceability of the measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.5.1. The necessity of traceability of the measurements . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.5.2. Calibration requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.5.3. The selection of standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.6. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Chapter 2. Organization of Metrology: Industrial, Scientific, Legal. . . . . 43
Luc ERARD, Jean-François MAGANA, Roberto PERISSI, Patrick
REPOSEUR and Jean-Michel VIRIEUX
2.1. A metrological organization: why?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.2. Metrology: how?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.3. Scientific and technical metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.3.1. The BIPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.3.2. Results of the international activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.3.3. Regional organizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.3.1. EUROMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.3.3.2. European Cooperation for Accreditaton (EA) . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3.3.3. Accreditation procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.3.4. Organization at the national level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3.4.1. The Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d’Essais (LNE). . . 59
2.3.4.2. The Italian national calibration system (SNT). . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.3.4.3. The Swiss national calibration system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.4. Legal metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.4.1. Scope of legal metrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.4.2. The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) . . . . 68
2.4.3. The European level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.4.3.1. European Union harmonization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.4.3.2. WELMEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
2.4.3.3. Other regional bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.4.4. At national level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.4.4.1. Legal metrology in Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.4.4.2. Legal metrology in Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
2.4.4.3. Legal metrology in France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Table of Contents 7
Chapter 3. Mastering Measurement Processes Approach to the Setting
up of a Metrology Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Marc PRIEL and Patrick REPOSEUR
3.1. What to do at the beginning? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.2. Goals and role of the measurement management system –
metrological function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.3. The measurement processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.3.1. Conception and development of a new measurement process. . . . 86
3.3.1.1. Analysis of the requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.3.1.2. Transcription of the characteristics of the product in
“measurand” form or “characteristics to be measured” form . . . . . . . 87
3.3.1.3. The development of a measurement process can be managed
as a project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
3.3.2. Exploitation of a valid process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.3.3. Continuous improvement of measurement processes. . . . . . . . . 88
3.4. Management of the measuring equipment
(metrological confirmation). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.4.1. Analysis of the requirement and selection of
the measuring equipments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.4.1.1. Technical requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.4.1.2. Economic and commercial conditions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.4.1.3. Assessment of the measuring equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3.4.2. Receiving the measuring equipment and putting it into service. . . 93
3.4.2.1. Compliance with the order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.4.2.2. Identification of the measuring equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.4.2.3. Inventory (description). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.4.2.4. Technical dossier of the equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.4.2.5. Technical documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.4.2.6. Basic definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3.4.3. Calibration and verification operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.4.3.1. Calibration or verification program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.4.3.2. Calibration or verification intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.4.3.3. Supervision of the measuring equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.4.4. Fitness for use of measuring equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.4.4.1. Freedom from bias, repeatability, stability. . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
3.4.4.2. Maximum permissible errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.4.4.3. Demands for an assurance of the quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
3.5. Setting up a metrological structure within the firm . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.5.1. Analysis of the metrological requirements
and setting up standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.5.2. Traceability of the measuring instrument(s)
to the firm’s reference standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.5.3. Traceability of the firm’s reference standards to the SI. . . . . . . . 104
8 Metrology in Industry
3.6. Suggested approach for setting up a metrology function . . . . . . . . . 105
3.7. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Chapter 4. Handling of a Bank of Measuring Instruments . . . . . . . . . . 109
Jean-Yves ARRIAT
4.1. Acquaintance with the bank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.1.1. Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.1.2. Identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
4.2. Metrological policy of the firm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.1. Objective and commitment of the firm’s management. . . . . . . . 113
4.2.2. Plan of actions to launch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.3. Awareness, training and vocabulary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.2.4. Selection of the material to be followed periodically. . . . . . . . . 114
4.3. Drafting of the documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.3.1. Codification of the documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.3.2. Work instructions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
4.3.3. Result-recording documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.3.4. Other documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4. Physical handling of the measuring instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4.1. Receipt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.4.2. Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.4.2.1. Traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.4.2.2. Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
4.4.2.3. Precautions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.4.3. Storing and environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.4.4. Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.5. Follow-up of the measuring instruments over time . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.5.1. Periodicity of the follow-up. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.5.2. Campaign of recall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.5.3. Follow-up of the results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.6. Software for the handling of the means of measurements . . . . . . . . 125
Chapter 5. Traceability to National Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Luc ERARD and Patrick REPOSEUR
5.1. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2.1. Traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2.2. Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.2.3. Verification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.3. Traceability chains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.4. Traceability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Table of Contents 9
5.5. Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.5.1. Calibration in an accredited laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.5.2. Calibration in a non-accredited laboratory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
5.6. Verification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.6.1. Verification in an accredited laboratory and in its
accreditation scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.6.2. Verification in a non-accredited laboratory or out of
the accreditation scope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.7. Use of calibration and verification results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
5.7.1. Use of the results of a calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.7.2. Use of the results of a verification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.8. Particular cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.8.1. “Self-calibrating” or “self-gauging” measuring instruments. . . . . 135
5.8.2. Complex instruments in which components/equipments and
software are narrowly combined and large measurement ranges are
covered for complex quantities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.9. Metrology in chemistry and physical methods of
chemical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.9.1. Traceabilty in metrology in chemistry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
5.9.2. Influence of the principle of the method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.9.2.1. Absolute methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.9.2.2. Relative method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.9.2.3. Comparative method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
5.9.3. “Documentary” traceability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.9.4. Control of the reference materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.9.5. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.10. Assessment of traceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
5.11. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Chapter 6. Calibration Intervals and Methods for Monitoring the
Measurement Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Patrizia TAVELLA and Marc PRIEL
6.1. Normative requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.2. Methods for monitoring the instruments in use – general criteria. . . . 150
6.2.1. First method: metrological redundancies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.2.2. Second method: checking the coherence of the results. . . . . . . . 151
6.2.3. Third method: “monitoring standards” and statistical
supervision of the measurement processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.2.3.1. Statistical control of the measurement processes . . . . . . . . . 152
6.2.3.2. Control charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.2.3.3. Use of the monitoring methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.3. The determination of the calibration intervals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.4. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161