Metrology and Theory of Measurement

585 Pages·2013·3.824 MB·English

by  Anna G. Chunovkina, Leonid A. Mironovsky, Valery A. Slaev

De Gruyter Studies in Mathematical Physics 20
Editors
MichaelEfroimsky,Bethesda,USA
LeonardGamberg,Reading,USA
DmitryGitman,SãoPaulo,Brasil
AlexanderLazarian,Madison,USA
BorisSmirnov,Moscow,Russia

Valery A. Slaev
Anna G. Chunovkina
Leonid A. Mironovsky
Metrology and Theory of
Measurement
De Gruyter
Physics and Astronomy Classification Scheme 2010: 06.20.-f, 06.20.F-, 06.20.fb, 03.65.Ta,
06.30.-k,07.05.Rm,07.05.Kf,85.70.Kh,85.70.Li
ISBN978-3-11-028473-7
e-ISBN978-3-11-028482-9
ISSN2194-3532
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“Tomeasureistoknow.”
LordKelvin
“Weshouldmeasurewhatismeasurable
andmakemeasurablewhatisnotassuch.”
GalileoGalilei
“Sciencebeginswhentheybegintomeasure...”
“Exactscienceisinconceivablewithoutameasure.”
D.I.Mendeleyev
“... forsomesubjectsaddsvalueonlyanexactmatch
toacertainpattern.Theseincludeweightsandmea-
sures,andifthecountryhasseveralwell-testedstan-
dards of weights and measures it indicates the pres-
ence of laws regulating the business relationship in
accordancewithnationalstandards.”
J.K.Maxwell

Preface
Duringthe125thanniversaryoftheMetreConventionin2000,SteveChu,nowPres-
identObama’sEnergySecretaryandaone-timemetrologist, spokeandincludedthe
now famous quotation: “Accurate measurementis atthe heart of physics, and in my
experiencenewphysicsbeginsatthenextdecimalplace”.
Metrology,asthescienceofmeasuresormeasurementstraceabletomeasurement
standards[323],operateswithoneofthemostproductiveconcepts,i.e.,withthecon-
ceptofmeasurementaccuracy,whichisusedwithoutexceptioninallnaturalandtech-
nicalsciences,aswellasinsomefieldsofsocialsciencesandliberalarts.
Metrology, by its structure, can be considered a “vertically” designed knowledge
system,sinceatthetoplevelofresearchitdirectlyadjoinsthephilosophyofnatural
sciences, at the average level it acts as an independent section of the natural (exact)
sciences, and atthe bottom level itprovides the use of natural science achievements
forfindingsolutionstoparticularmeasurementtasks,i.e.itperformsfunctionsofthe
technicalsciences.Insuchacombination,itcoversarangefromthelevelofaknowl-
edgevaliditycriteriontothecriterionofcorrectnessintheprocessoftheexchangeof
materialassets.
For metrology the key problem is to obtain knowledge of physical reality, which
isconsideredthroughaprismofanassemblageofquantitypropertiesdescribingthe
objectivelyrealworld.Inthisconnection,oneofthefundamentaltasksofmetrologyis
thedevelopmentoftheoreticalandmethodologicalaspectsoftheprocedureofgetting
accurateknowledgerelatingtoobjectsandprocessesofthesurroundingworldwhich
areconnected with anincrease inthe measurementaccuracyas a whole. Metrology,
asthemostuniversalandconcentratedformofanorganizingpurposefulexperience,
allows us to make reliability checks of the most general and abstract models of the
realworld(owingtothefactthatameasurementisthesoleprocedureforrealizingthe
principleofobservability).
Metrologysolvesanumberofproblems,incommoninadefinitesensewiththose
ofthenaturalsciences,whentheyareconnectedwithaprocedureofmeasurement:
(cid:2) the problem of language, i.e. the formalization and interpretation of measurement
resultsatalevelofuniformity;
(cid:2) the problem of structuring, which defines the kind of data which should be used
dependingonthetypeofmeasurementproblembeingsolved,andrelatestoasystem
approachtotheprocessofmeasurements;
viii Preface
(cid:2) theproblemofstandardization,i.e.determinationoftheconditionsunderwhichthe
accuracyandcorrectnessofameasurementresultwillbeassured;
(cid:2) theproblemofevaluatingtheaccuracyandreliabilityofmeasurementinformation
invarioussituations.
At present, due to the development of information technologies and intelligent mea-
surementsystemsandinstruments,aswellasthegrowinguseofmathematicalmeth-
ods in social and biological sciences and in the liberal arts, there were a number of
attemptstoexpandtheinterpretationofmetrology[451]notonlyasthescienceabout
measurementsofphysicalquantities,butalsoasaconstituentof“gnoseo-techniques”,
informationscience,“informology”andsoon,themaintaskofwhichis"toconstruct
andtransmitgenerallyrecognizedscalesforquantitiesofanynature",includingthose
whicharenotphysical.Therefore,itremainsstillimportanttodeterminetheplaceof
metrologyinthesystemofsciencesanditsapplicationdomainmorepromptly,i.e.,its
maindirectionsanddivisions[9,228,429,451,454,503,506,andothers].
It is possible to analyze the interconnection of metrology and other sciences from
the point of view of their interaction and their mutual usefulness and complemen-
tariness, using as a basis only its theoretical fundamentals and taking into account a
generallyacceptedclassificationofsciencesintheformofa“triangle”withvertexes
corresponding tothe philosophical, natural, andsocial sciences[257],but paying no
attentiontoitslegislative,applied,andorganizationalbranches.
Amongsuchsciencesonecanmarkoutphilosophy,mathematics,physics,andtech-
nicalsciences,aswellasthosedivisionsoftheabovesciences,theresultsofwhichare
actively used in theoretical metrology, and the latter, in its turn, provides them with
materialstobeinterpretedandgivenameaningto.
It is known that in an application domain of the theoretical metrology two main
subdivisionscanbesingledout:thegeneraltheoryofmeasurementsandthetheoryof
measurementassuranceandtraceability.
Thegeneraltheoryofmeasurementsincludesthefollowingdirections:
(cid:2) original regulations, concepts, principles, postulates, axiomatic, methodology,
terms,andtheirdefinitions;
(cid:2) simulationandinvestigationofobjects,conditions,means,andmethodsofperform-
ingmeasurements;
(cid:2) theoryofscales,measures,metrics,references,andnorms;
(cid:2) theoryofmeasurementtransformationandtransducers;
(cid:2) theoryofrecognition, identification, estimationofobservations, anddataprocess-
ing;
(cid:2) theoryofmeasurementresultuncertaintiesanderrors;
(cid:2) theoryofdynamicmeasurementsandsignalrestoration;
Preface ix
(cid:2) theoryofenhancementofthemeasurementaccuracy,sensitivity,andultimatecapa-
bilitiestakingintoaccountquantumandotherlimitations;
(cid:2) automationandintellectualizationofmeasurementinformationtechnologies,inter-
pretationanduseofmeasurementinformationintheprocessofpreparingtomake
decisions;
(cid:2) theoryoftheoptimalplanningforameasurementexperiment;
(cid:2) theoryofmetrologysystems;
(cid:2) theory of measurement quality estimation, as well as of technical and social-eco-
nomicefficiencyofmetrologyandmeasurementactivities.
Thetheoryofmeasurementassuranceandtraceabilityconsistsofthefollowingdirec-
tions:
(cid:2) theoryofphysicalquantitiesunits,systemsofunits,anddimensionalityanalysis;
(cid:2) theoryofmeasurementstandards;
(cid:2) theoryofreproducing,maintaining,andtransferringasizeofquantityunits;
(cid:2) theory of estimating normalized metrological characteristics of measuring instru-
ments;
(cid:2) methodologyofperformingmetrologyprocedures;
(cid:2) theory of metrological reliability and estimation of intercalibration (interverifica-
tion)intervals;
(cid:2) theoryofestimatingthequalityofmetrologysystems,andthemethodologyofop-
timizingandforecastingtheirdevelopment.
Lettheparticularfeaturesofmeasurementproceduresbeconsideredinthefollowing
order:interactionofanobjectwithameasuringinstrument!recognitionandselec-
tion of a measurement information signal ! transformation ! comparison with a
measure!representationofmeasurementresults.
Interaction ofan object under investigation with ameasuring instrument assumes
searching,detecting,andreceiving(reception)aquantityundermeasurement,aswell
as,ifnecessary,somepreparatoryproceduresoftheprobe-selectionorprobeprepara-
tion type, or exposure of the object to some outside influence for getting a response
(stimulation),determininganorientationandlocalizationinspaceandtime.
Discrimination or selection assume marking out just that property of an object to
which the quantity under measurement corresponds, including marking out a useful
signal against a noise background and applying methods and means for noise con-
trol.
Transformationincludeschangesofthephysicalnatureofaninformationcarrieror
of its form (amplification, attenuation, modulation, manipulation, discretization and
quantization,analog-digitalanddigital-analogconversion,codinganddecoding,etc.),
aswellasthetransmissionofmeasurementinformationsignalsovercommunication