Methods of Pesticide Exposure Assessment

210 Pages·1995·5.667 MB·English

by  John P. Worgan, Sylvester Rozario (auth.), Patricia B. Curry, Sesh Iyengar, Pamela A. Maloney, Marco Maroni (eds.)

Methods of Pesticide
Exposure Assessment
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Volume 19 METHODS Of PESTICIDE EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT
Edited by Patricia B. Curry, Sesh Iyengar, Pamela A. Maloney,
and Marco Maroni
Methods of Pesticide
Exposure Assessment
Edited by
Patricia B. Curry
Health Canada
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Sesh Iyengar
ZenecaAgro
Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada
Pamela A. Maloney
Health Canada
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
and
Marco Maroni
International Centre {or Pesticide Safety
Busto Qarolfo, Italy
SPRINGER SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA LLC
Llbrary of Congress Cataloglng-ln-Publleatlon Data
Methods of pesticlde exposure assessment I edited by Patrlela B. Curry
... [et a1.l.
p. cm. -- (NATO ehallenges of modern society ; v. 19)
"Published in cooperat ion with NATO Committee an the Challenges of
Modern Society".
"Proceedings of a Workshop an Methods of Pesticide Exposure
Assessment, held Oct. 5-8, 1993, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada" -
Copr. p.
Includes bibllographieal referenees and index.
ISBN 978-1-4899-0975-6 ISBN 978-1-4899-0973-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4899-0973-2
1. Pestleides--Toxieology--Congresses. 2. Health risk assessment
-Congresses. I. Curry, P. B. II. Series.
RA1270.P4M476 1995
615.9'02--dc20 95-25134
CIP
Proceedings of a Workshop on Methods of Pesticide Exposure Assessment
held October 5-8, 1993, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Developed from a Workshop sponsored by Health Canada and the North Atlantic
Treaty Organisation and officially supported by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency and the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development.
ISBN 978-1-4899-0975-6
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
Originally published by Plenum Press, New York in 1995
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1995
AII rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
PREFACE
This book is a summary of the presentations and discussions at the Workshop on
Methods of Pesticide Exposure Assessment held in Ottawa, Canada, on October 5-8,
1993. The event was a joint effort of Health Canada and the North Atlantic Treaty
Organisation and was officially supported by the United States Environmental Agency
and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The goal
of the workshop was to examine current issues in the field of pesticide exposure
assessment with the aim of reaching an internationally harmonized approach to methods
of exposure assessment.
With regulatory agencies of OECD Member countries moving towards the
harmonization of data requirements, it was timely and beneficial to bring together
international experts in the field of pesticide exposure assessment to discuss current
issues. Approximately 60 delegates and 20 observers participated, including individuals
from 15 different countries representing academia, government, industry and international
organizations.
A guidance document on methods of pesticide exposure assessment was presented
for critique and discussion as a means to achieving the goal of international
harmonization. After extensive discussion, the workshop delegates agreed in principle
to procedures for revising the guidance document. Following revision and further review
by a designated peer review group, the revised document will be submitted to the OECD
for consideration as a draft OECD Guidance Document on pesticide exposure assessment
methods. Both the revised and original documents are included in these proceedings.
A tier approach to the use of exposure assessment in the risk assessment of
pesticides was also presented and discussed. Field studies as outlined in the guidance
document discussed above form one component of this approach. Another component
of the tier approach is the use of surrogate exposure data. Two databases that may
supply surrogate exposure data, the Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database and the
predictive model being developed in the European Union (formerly the European
Community), were compared.
The workshop concluded with discussion on future methods of exposure
assessment. Several presentations were made on biomarkers of exposure and their
usefulness in the field of pesticide exposure assessment, a new and exciting area in the
field of exposure assessment.
This workshop created an opportunity to maintain dialogue amongst experts in
the field of pesticide exposure assessment. A major outcome of the workshop was the
agreement in principle by delegates from 15 countries to a procedure for the revision of
the guidance document on pesticide exposure assessment methods for presentation as a
proposed Guidance Document to the OECD. The workshop also resulted in two major
recommendations.
v
1. The need for further work and discussion into the usefulness of biomarkers
for determining worker exposure was identified.
2. The need for further discussion and perhaps an international meeting on the
use of exposure assessment in risk assessment was agreed to.
P.B. Curry, S. Iyengar, P. Maloney, and M. Maroni
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Sincere thanks is extended to all those who helped make this workshop a success.
The workshop chair was Deirdre Morison of Health Canada. The workshop organizing
committee included D. Morison, S. Iyengar, P. Curry and P. Maloney of Health Canada;
M. Maroni of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation; A. Nielsen of the United States
Environmental Protection Agency; J. van Hemmen ofTNO Nutrition and Food Research
Institute in The Netherlands and C. Maas of The Netherlands Ministry of Social Affairs
and Employment. The efforts of the session leaders for chairing and guiding the
discussion in their sessions and the rapporteurs for recording the discussion are gratefully
acknowledged. The workshop coordinators, H. Lamadeleine, V. Nash-Moore and J.
Lowe of Golden Planners Inc., were indispensable throughout the workshop as well as
during the workshop planning stages. Finally, Lois Lemieux and Debbie Miller are
thanked for diligent word processing and Plenum Press for their patience in awaiting the
completion of these proceedings.
vii
CONTENTS
Pesticide Exposure Assessment: Past, Present, and Future ............. .
J.P. Worgan and S. Rozario
Pesticide Exposure and Re-entry in Agriculture 9
J.J. van Hemmen, Y.G.C. van Golstein Brouwers, and D.H. Brouwer
SESSION ONE - GUIDANCE DOCUMENT FOR THE CONDUCT
OF FIELD STUDIES TO EVALUATE THE EXPOSURE OF
OPERATORS, WORKERS, AND BYSTANDERS TO PESTICIDES
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
L. Ritter
Rapporteurs' Report 25
M. Conti and S. Rozario
The Conduct of Field Studies to Evaluate the Exposure of Operators,
Workers, and Bystanders to Pesticides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
G. Chester
Study Design Considerations for Occupational Pesticide Exposure
Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
R.A. Fenske and K. Teschke
Guidance Document: Quality Assurance/Quality Control 61
C. Lunchick
Guidance Document: A Critique of Pharmacokinetics and Biological
Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
D.C. Eberhart
Passive Dosimetry: Possibilities for Use in Risk Assessment (Critique on the
"Guidance Document" with Respect to Passive Dosimetry) . . . . . . . 73
W. Maasfeld
IX
Critique of the Guidance Document and Guidelines for the Conduct of Field
Studies to Evaluate the Exposure of Operators, Workers,
and Bystanders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
J.H. Ross
SESSION TWO- PESTICIDE EXPOSURE DATABASES
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
C. Franklin
Rapporteurs' Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
R. Bell and F. Lemieux
The Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database (PHED): Regulatory Overview . . 89
A. Nielsen, P. Curry, and T. Leighton
A European Operator Exposure Database 95
P. Watts and W. Chen
A Comparison of the Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database (PHED)
and the European Predictive Operator Exposure Model (EUROPOEM)
Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
P.Y. Harney
SESSION THREE- THE TIER APPROACH
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
H.B.W.M. Koeter
Rapporteurs' Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
R. Bell and S. Rozario
Pesticide Exposure: Overview of the Tier Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
N.G. Carmichael
The Tier Approach to Pesticide Exposure Assessment: Are We There? 123
P.B. Curry, S. Iyengar, and P. Maloney
Quantitative Assessment of Human Pesticide Exposure: Some Defaults and
Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
R.I. Krieger
X