Methods of Foundation Engineering: Developments in Geotechnical Engineering 24 PDF
Preview Methods of Foundation Engineering: Developments in Geotechnical Engineering 24
Further titles in this series : Volumes 1, 2 and 3 are out of print 4. R. SILVESTER COASTAL ENGINEERING, I and II 5. R.N. YOUNG AND B.P. WARKENTIN SOIL PROPERTIES AND BEHAVIOUR 6. E.E. WAHLSTROM DAMS, DAM FOUNDATIONS, AND RESERVOIR SITES 7. W.F. CHEN LIMIT ANALYSIS AND SOIL PLASTICITY 8. L.N. PERSEN ROCK DYNAMICS AND GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION Introduction to Stress Waves in Rocks 9. M.D. GIDIGASU LATERITE SOIL ENGINEERING 10. Q. ZARUBA AND V. MENCL ENGINEERING GEOLOGY 11. H.K. GUPTA AND B.K. RASTOGI DAMS AND EARTHQUAKES 12. F.H. CHEN FOUNDATIONS ON EXPANSIVE SOILS 13. L. HOBST AND J. ZAJIC ANCHORING IN ROCK 14. B. VOIGT (Editor) ROCKSLIDES AND AVALANCHES, 1 and 2 15. C. LOMNITZ AND E. ROSENBLUETH SEISMIC RISK AND ENGINEERING DECISIONS 16A. C.A. BAAR APPLIED SALT-ROCKS MECHANICS, I The in-situ Behavior of Salt Rocks 17. A.P.S. SELVADURAI ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF SOIL-FOUNDATION INTERACTION 18. J. FED A STRESS IN SUBSOIL AND METHODS OF FINAL SETTLEMENT CALCULATION 19. A. KÉZDI STABILIZED EARTH ROADS 20. E.W. BRAND AND R.P. BRENNER SOFT-CLAY ENGINEERING 21. A. MYSLIVEC AND Z. KYSELA THE BEARING CAPACITY OF BUILDING FOUNDATIONS 22. R.N. CHOWDHURY SLOPE ANALYSIS 23. P. BRUUN STABILITY OF TIDAL INLETS Developments in Geotechnical Engineering 24 METHODS OF FOUNDATION ENGINEERING by ZDENËK BAZANT Professor of Civil Engineering, Technical University in Prague and Geotechnical Consultant, Geoindustria, Prague, Czechoslovakia ELSEVIER SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY Amsterdam · Oxford · New York · 1979 Scientific Editor Prof. Ing. Dr. Konrad Hruban, DrSc. Corresponding Member of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences Reviewer Doc. Ing. Zdenêk Sobotka, DrSc. Published in co-edition with ACADEMIA, Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague Distribution of this book is being handled by the following publishers for the U.SA. and Canada Elsevier/North Holland, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Avenue New York, New York 10017 for the East European Countries, China, Northern Korea, Cuba, Vietnam and Mongolia Academia, Publishing House of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences, Prague for all remaining areas Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company 335 Jan van Galenstraat P.O. Box 211, 1000 AE Amsterdam, The Netherlands Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Bazant, Zdenëk. Methods of foundation engineering. (Developments in geotechnical engineering; 24) Updated and revised translation of Metody zaklâdâni staveb. Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Foundations. I. Title. II. Series. TZ775.B3713. 624U5 78-15933 ISBN 0-444-99789-X (Vol. 24) ISBN 0-444-^1662-X (Series) © Zdenêk Bazant, Prague 1979 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or trans- mitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers Printed in Czechoslovakia PREFACE The book presents a review of the state of the art in the theory, analysis, and practice of foundation engineering, and its soil mechanics and structural design aspects and principles. It attempts to meet the needs of practicing engineers who are called upon to solve the vital problem of selecting a suitable foundation method, an indispensable condition of success of any foundation project. The book aims to discuss the design of foundations under ordinary circumstances. Therefore the form of the presentation is deliberately clear, concise and simple, and an attempt has been made to write the book bearing in mind Blaise Pascal's remark: "The best books are those which every reader thinks he himself could have written" (On the Art of Persuasion, or Eloquence). It tries also to adopt an impartial point of view, giving no preference to particular methods. The treatment of the subject matter is analytical, with attention accorded to principles rather than to case histories. Ample references are provided to enable the reader to gain detailed information on his more complex problems. The book is divided into five parts. Part A is of an introductory character and presents a brief review of the various types of foundation structures used in civil engineering and their historical development. Part Β provides the theoretical fundamentals of soil and rock mechanics which are of importance for foundation design. Part C deals with the design of the footing area of spread footings and discusses the shallow foundation methods. Part D describes the methods of deep foundations, and Part Ε is devoted to special foundation methods. In Parts C through E, which form the main theme of the book, each chapter starts with an introduction containing a synopsis of the matter being discussed and giving suggestions as to the choice of a suitable method of foundation. This is followed by a description of the methods generally used in practice. Simple analyses of struc- tures, presented at the conclusion of each chapter, can be carried out by a pocket calculator (or a slide rule). Because of uncertainties involved in ascertaining the realistic values of soil properties, this technique can be regarded as satisfactory for the majority of practical foundation designs. Although the cases likely to be encountered in general practice are comparatively straightforward and their closed form solutions can be obtained by means of simple calculations, complex problems, research, and the handling of a large number of'solutions call for the application 6 PREFACE of large computers. Several references to computer programs associated with geomechanics problems are, therefore, also included in the book. The field of foundation engineering is so broad that it can hardly be covered in a single volume. For this reason, the Czech original is supplemented by two other publications; namely, a book entitled "Foundation Engineering Problems" (Bazant 1966), which describes the case histories of basic foundation structures, and a textbook (Bazant 1967, 2nd. Edn.) which contains numerical examples whose solutions are based on Czechoslovak Standards. Since these examples are worked out in accordance with the stipulations of the respective Czechoslovak Standards, and, as such, are of no use in other countries, they are not included in the English version. Although foundation engineering, thanks to advances in soil mechanics, has been tending to achieve the status of a science, it continues to be an art rather than a scientific discipline and a correct solution of foundation problems is still largely a matter of experience and judgment. The possibilities of soil mechanics and, es- pecially, of rock mechanics do not permit the foundation soils — which are by nature nonhomogeneous — to be treated with the same precision as do the more homo- geneous steel or concrete structures. Hence, the calculations should be supplemented by a sound estimate of the conditions encountered in the field, and these conditions always differ from the theoretical simplified schemes used in soil mechanics. Since the actual approach used in making major decisions is based more on empirical knowledge than on calculations, each design involves a certain risk. To decide how far the engineer is justified in assuming such a risk, is a matter of utmost importance. The author wishes to express his thanks to Professor K. Hruban, who reviewed two editions of this book in Czech as well as its English version and who has been most generous in offering valuable advice and suggestions concerning clarification of some of the paragraphs. He is also indebted to Geoindustria, Prague, the company he joined after his retirement from the Technical University of Prague, for providing him with the time needed to finish the manuscript. The author dedicates this book to his wife, without whose encourangement and helpful assistance the task of writing would have been much more difficult. Zdenêk Bazant SYMBOLS The following symbols are used throughout the text. Soil mechanics symbols conform to the recommendations of the International Society for Soil Mechanics t and Foundation Engineering as published in Special Bulletin A of the Eighth International Conference, Moscow, 1973. Symbols used sporadically are not included in this list. a length A area; reaction Β width c total cohesion; d effective cohesion; c coefficient of consolidation v C resultant cohesion; C circumference (perimeter) of pile p d distance; grain diameter; pile or drilled pier diameter; d grain diameter of l0 10 per cent size D depth; length of pile; D thickness of i-th stratum x e void ratio ; eccentricity Ε Young's modulus of elasticity; E modulus of deformation o / pole distance; deflection; / ' allowable concrete compressive stress; f yield c steel strength F force; F factor of safety; factor of slope stability s g acceleration of gravity; uniform load G dead weight; specific gravity h head (hydraulic) H height; horizontal force; thickness of stratum; H critical height; H thickness c s of sample i hydraulic gradient J moment of inertia; coefficient; I consistency index; J relative density; c D J plasticity index p k coefficient of permeability; k coefficient of horizontal subgrade reaction; h fc coefficient of vertical subgrade reaction s Κ coefficient; coefficient of rigidity; X , K, K earth pressure coefficients a 0 p L length; L Mohr's envelope of failure M m capacity reduction factor M moment; M modulus of one-dimensional deformation o 10 SYMBOLS η porosity; n constant of horizontal subgrade reaction n JV normal component of load; Ν , N, N bearing capacity factors; q c N stability number s ρ soil pressure; contact pressure Ρ resultant of pressures; P end-bearing capacity of pile (pier); e P negative skin resistance; P positive skin resistance n p q uniform contact pressure; q ultimate end-bearing capacity of pile; Q q ultimate bearing capacity of soil; q allowable bearing capacity; f Q q compressive strength; q ultimate skin friction of pile; s s q net bearing pressure Q shear force; total load; rate of flow; Q ultimate bearing capacity; Q pile hu c settlement capacity; Q pile failure load ; β proposed pile capacity; g ultimate f ρ su shaft resistance; Q pile bearing capacity; Q ultimate yield load u yu r radius R reaction; resultant of external forces; distance; characteristic length s final set of pile S earth pressure; axial load in pile; section modulus; dispersion degree; S degree of saturation; S' coefficient of contraction r z t time u pore pressure U uniformity coefficient ; uplift force; U degree of consolidation c ν velocity; coefficient of variation V volume; V allowable pile capacity; V ultimate pile capacity; Q T ultimate structural pile capacity w settlement; vertical deformation; w elastic settlement; w water content in per e n cent of dry weight; w liquid limit; w *permissible settlement; w plastic limit; L p p w shrinkage limit s W weight χ abscissa X coordinate axis y ordinate; deflection Y coordinate axis ζ vertical coordinate; depth Ζ coordinate axis α angle; coefficient; coefficient of shape and rigidity; adhesion factor β angle of slope at horinzontal; proportion of the base load y γ unit weight of dry soil; y unit weight of soil, water in pores included; y unit ά n s weight of solid particles; y unit weight of water; y' submerged unit weight w δ angle; angle of wall friction ε linear strain; ε vertical strain ζ η coefficient of viscosity; moment arm; mechanical efficiency; reciprocal value of characteristic length (in sand) SYMBOLS 11 3 angle of slope κ coefficient λ reciprocal value of characteristic length (in clay); λ compressive strain of pile η μ μ discharge factor ζ ν Poisson's ratio ξ relative depth σ stress (total); σ' effective normal stress; σ , a normal stresses on vertical planes; χ y σ normal stress on horizontal plane; σ σ , σ principal stresses ζ ν 2 3 τ shear stress; τ shear strength { φ angle; velocity potential Φ angle of internal friction (total); Φ' effective angle of internal friction φ angle of angular deflection of beam CONVERSION FACTORS The SI units used in this book are those recommended by the International Standard Organization (ISO) in 1960, introducing the newton [Ν] as the unit of force. Conversion of the SI system to the English system Length lm 3.28 ft = 1.094 yd 1 cm 0.394 in. 1 mm 0.0394 in. Area lm2 10.8sqft(sf) = 1.196 sq yd lcm2 0.155 sq in. (si.) Volume lm3 35.3 cu ft = 1.308 cu yd 11 0.264 gal (USA) = 0.220 gal (Imp) lcm3 0.061 cu in. Mass It 1.10 ton = 2.20 kips = 2200 lb lkg 2.20 lb Force 1MN 225 kipsf lkN 225 lbf = 0.225 kipsf IN 0.225 lbf Stress 1 MN/m2 1 N/mm2 = 10.45 tsf (short ton per sq ft) 1 kN/m2 0.01045 tsf 1 kN/m2 20.9 psf(lb per sq ft) 1 kN/m2 0.145 psi (lb per sq in.) Unit weight 0.001 MN/m3 1 kN/m3 = 6.37 psf (lb per cu ft) IN/: mm~ 3690 pci (lb per cu in.) Acceleration of gravity 9.81 m/s2 = 32.2 ft per sec2 CONVERSIONS FACTORS 13 Conversion of the English system to the SI system Length 1 mile = 1.609 km 1yd = 0.91 m 1ft = 0.305 m = 30.5 cm lin. = 0.0254 m = 25.4 mm Area 1 sq mile = 2.59 km2 1 sq yd = 0.836 m2 lsf = 0.0929 m2 = 929 cm2 1 sq in. = 6.45 cm2 Volume 1 cu yd = 0.765 m3 leu ft = 0.0283 m3 1 cu in. = 16.4 cm3 1 Imp gal = 4545 cm3 = 4.551 1 gal (USA) = 3785 cm3 = 3.791 Mass 1 ton (short) = 0.90721 = 907.2 kg lkip = 0.4541 = 454 kg lib = 0.454 kg = 454 g Force 1 ton force (short) = 8.90 kN = 0.0089 MN 1 kip force = 4.45 kN 1 lb force = 4.45 Ν Stress ltsf = 95.7 kN/m2 lpsf == 00..00447799 kkNN//mm22 1 psi == 66..8899 kkNN//mm22 Unit weight lpcf = 0.157 kN/m3 1 pci = 0.000271 N/mm3 Approximate conversion of the kilopond (kilogramforce) units (Czechoslovak and Central Europe Standards up to 1974) to newton units used in this book Force 1 Mp = 10 kN = 0.01 MN 1 kp = 10 Ν (more exactly 9.81 N) Stress 1 kp/cm2 = 0.1 N/mm2 = 100 kN/m2 = 0.1 MN/m2 Unit weight 1000 kp/m3 = 10 kN/m3 = 0.01 MN/m3
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