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Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis Volume 1 Methods of Cancer Diagnosis, Therapy, and Prognosis Volume 1 Breast Carcinoma Edited by M.A. Hayat Department of Biological Sciences, Kean University, Union, NJ., USA Editor M.A. Hayat Department of Biological Sciences Kean University Union, NJ USA ISBN 978-1-4020-8368-6 e-ISBN 978-1-4020-8369-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2008930172 © 2008 Springer Science + Business Media B.V. No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microﬁ lming, recording or otherwise, without written p ermission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied speciﬁ cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com New technology, for better or for worse, will be used, as that is our nature. Lewis Thomas You have been given the key that opens the gates of heaven; the same key opens the gates of hell. Writing at the entrance to a Buddhist temple Authors and Co-Authors of Volume 1 Sophia Apple Andrea Chao Bafford Department of Pathology and Laboratory Department of Surgery, Brigham and Medicine, David Geffen School of Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical Medicine, University of California, School, 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 2115 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Kimberly Baltzell University of California, Can Atalay Box 0610, 2 Koret Way, Department of General Surgery, Biskek Nursing 631, San Francisco, Cad. Yesiltepe Bloklari, 4, Blok No: 11, CA 94143-0610 TR-06510 Ankara, Turkey E-mail: viii Authors and Co-authors of Volume 1 Isabelle Bedrosian Kathryn A. Brown Department of Surgical Oncology, Laboratory of Cancer Cell Biology University of Texas M.D. Anderson and Genetics, Department of Human Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Blvd., Oncology, Allegheny General Hospital, Unit 444, P.O. Box 301402, Pittsburgh, PA 15212 Houston, TX 77230 Jane Bryce E-mail: Authors and Co-authors of Volume 1 ix Anu Chittenden Yahyah Elshimali Department of Oncology, Dana Farber Department of Pathology and Laboratory Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Medicine, David Geffen School of 75 Francis St., Boston, MA 02115 Medicine, University of California, 200 Medical Plaza, Los Angeles, Giuseppe Comella CA 90095 Division of Medical Oncology A, National Tumor Insitute, via Mariano David R. Emlet Semmola 80131, Naples, Italy 11 Glen Ridge Lane, Pittsburgh, PA 15243 David J. Dabbs Magee-Women’ Hospital, John K. Erban University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Gillete Pittsburgh, PA Center for Breast Cancer, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02116 Giuseppe D’Aiuto Division of Medical Oncology A, Nicole Nicosia Esposito National Tumor Insitute, via Mariano University of Pittsburgh, Pathology Semmola 80131, Naples, Italy Resident, Department of Pathology, c901 PUH, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Massimiliano D’Aiuto PA 15213 Division of Medical Oncology A, E-mail: x Authors and Co-authors of Volume 1 David K. Gaffney Amit Goyal Department of Radiation Oncology, Department of Surgery, Wales College of Huntsman Cancer Hospital, University Medicine, Cardiff University, CF14 4XN, of Utah, 1950 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake Cardiff, United Kingdom City, UT 84112 E-mail: Authors and Co-authors of Volume 1 xi Steve Horvath Rainer Kimmig Department of Biostatistics, Department of Gynecology/ David Geffen School of Medicine, Obstetrics, University Hospital Essen, University of California, 200 Medical Hufelandstrauss 55, 45122 Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Essen, Germany Ming-Yii Huang Nancy B. Kiviat MedicoGenomic Research Center, Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University, School of Medicine, Box 358050, st 100 Shih-Chuan 1 Road, Kaohsiung University of Washington, 807, Taiwan, Republic of China 815 Mercer St., Seattle, WA 98109 Giovanni Iodice E-mail: