Methods of Adipose Tissue Biology, Part A PDF
Preview Methods of Adipose Tissue Biology, Part A
METHODS IN ENZYMOLOGY Editors-in-Chief JOHN N. ABELSON and MELVIN I. SIMON Division of Biology California Institute of Technology Pasadena, California ANNA MARIE PYLE Departments of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology and Department of Chemistry Investigator, Howard Hughes Medical Institute Yale University GREGORY L. VERDINE Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Harvard University Founding Editors SIDNEY P. COLOWICK and NATHAN O. KAPLAN AcademicPressisanimprintofElsevier 525BStreet,Suite1800,SanDiego,CA92101-4495,USA 225WymanStreet,Waltham,MA02451,USA Radarweg29,POBox211,1000AEAmsterdam,TheNetherlands TheBoulevard,LangfordLane,Kidlington,Oxford,OX51GB,UK 32JamestownRoad,LondonNW17BY,UK Firstedition2014 Copyright©2014,ElsevierInc.AllRightsReserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedin anyformorbyanymeanselectronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher PermissionsmaybesoughtdirectlyfromElsevier’sScience&TechnologyRights DepartmentinOxford,UK:phone(+44)(0)1865843830;fax(+44)(0)1865853333; email:permissions@elsevier.com.Alternativelyyoucansubmityourrequestonlineby visitingtheElsevierwebsiteathttp://elsevier.com/locate/permissions,andselecting ObtainingpermissiontouseElseviermaterial Notice Noresponsibilityisassumedbythepublisherforanyinjuryand/ordamagetopersonsor propertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligenceorotherwise,orfromanyuseor operationofanymethods,products,instructionsorideascontainedinthematerialherein. Becauseofrapidadvancesinthemedicalsciences,inparticular,independentverificationof diagnosesanddrugdosagesshouldbemade ForinformationonallAcademicPresspublications visitourwebsiteatstore.elsevier.com ISBN:978-0-12-411619-1 ISSN:0076-6879 PrintedandboundinUnitedStatesofAmerica 14 15 16 17 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 CONTRIBUTORS AlistaireS.Acosta CancerCenterFlowCytometryCore,UniversityofColoradoAnschutzMedicalCampus, Aurora,Colorado,USA Jean-LucArdilouze DivisionofEndocrinology,DepartmentofMedicine,Universite´ deSherbrooke,Quebec, Canada TimothyJ.Bartness DepartmentofBiology,NeuroscienceInstituteandCenterforObesityReversal,Georgia StateUniversity,Atlanta,Georgia,USA KarlD.Bellve PrograminMolecularMedicine,UniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchool,Worcester, Massachusetts,USA RyanBerry SectionofComparativeMedicine;DepartmentofMolecular,Cell,andDevelopmental Biology,andYaleStemCellCenter,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine,NewHaven, Connecticut,USA MagnusBorga CenterforMedicalImageScienceandVisualization,andDepartmentofBiomedical Engineering,Linko¨pingUniversity,Linko¨ping,Sweden MaryA.Bouxsein CenterforAdvancedOrthopedicStudies,BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenterand HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,Massachusetts,USA ChristineR.Childs CancerCenterFlowCytometryCore,UniversityofColoradoAnschutzMedicalCampus, Aurora,Colorado,USA KaeWonCho DepartmentofPediatricsandCommunicableDiseases,UniversityofMichiganMedical School,AnnArbor,Michigan,USA ChristopherD.Church SectionofComparativeMedicine,andYaleStemCellCenter,YaleUniversitySchoolof Medicine,NewHaven,Connecticut,USA LauraColman SectionofComparativeMedicine,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine,NewHaven, Connecticut,USA xi xii Contributors SilviaCorvera PrograminMolecularMedicine,UniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchool,Worcester, Massachusetts,USA RowenaJ.Dennis InstituteofMetabolicScience,Addenbrooke’sHospital,UniversityofCambridgeMetabolic ResearchLaboratories,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom CaseyR.Doucette MaineMedicalCenterResearchInstitute,Scarborough,Maine,USA J.MichaelEdwardson DepartmentofPharmacology,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom J.ChristopherEhlen DepartmentofBiology,NeuroscienceInstituteandCenterforObesityReversal,Georgia StateUniversity,andDepartmentofNeurobiology,NeuroscienceInstitute,Morehouse SchoolofMedicine,Atlanta,Georgia,USA SvenEnerba¨ck DepartmentofClinicalandMedicalGenetics,InstituteofBiomedicine,Universityof Gothenburg,Gothenburg,Sweden JackieA.Fretz DepartmentofOrthopaedicsandRehabilitation,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine, NewHaven,Connecticut,USA OlgaGealekman PrograminMolecularMedicine,UniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchool,Worcester, Massachusetts,USA MartinT.Gericke InstituteofAnatomy,UniversityofLeipzig,Leipzig,Germany KarenM.Helm CancerCenterFlowCytometryCore,UniversityofColoradoAnschutzMedicalCampus, Aurora,Colorado,USA MarkC.Horowitz DepartmentofOrthopaedicsandRehabilitation,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine, NewHaven,Connecticut,USA EliseJeffery DepartmentofCellBiology,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine,NewHaven, Connecticut,USA SonaKang DivisionofEndocrinology,BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenter,Boston,Massachusetts, USA GriffinKatz DepartmentofOrthopaedicsandRehabilitation,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine, NewHaven,Connecticut,USA Contributors xiii DwightJ.Klemm DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofColoradoAnschutzMedicalCampus,Aurora, Colorado,USA RaymondKong AmnisCorporation,Seattle,Washington,USA XingxingKong DivisionofEndocrinology,BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenter,Boston,Massachusetts, USA MaxwellE.Kruse PrograminMolecularMedicine,UniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchool,Worcester, Massachusetts,USA OlofDahlqvistLeinhard CenterforMedicalImageScienceandVisualization,andDepartmentofMedicalandHealth Sciences,Linko¨pingUniversity,Linko¨ping,Sweden StephenI.Lentz DivisionofMetabolism,EndocrinologyandDiabetes,DepartmentofInternalMedicine, SchoolofMedicine,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan,USA LawrenceM.Lifshitz PrograminMolecularMedicine,UniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchool,Worcester, Massachusetts,USA CareyN.Lumeng DepartmentofPediatricsandCommunicableDiseases,UniversityofMichiganMedical School,AnnArbor,Michigan,USA OrmondA.MacDougald DepartmentofMolecularandIntegrativePhysiology,andDivisionofMetabolism, EndocrinologyandDiabetes,DepartmentofInternalMedicine,SchoolofMedicine, UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan,USA SusanM.Majka DepartmentofMedicine,VanderbiltUniversity,Nashville,Tennessee,USA SusanneMandrup DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology,UniversityofSouthernDenmark, Odense,Denmark GabrielMartinez-Santiban˜ez CellularandMolecularBiologyProgram,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan, USA HeidiL.Miller DepartmentofMedicine,UniversityofColoradoAnschutzMedicalCampus,Aurora, Colorado,USA SoYunMin PrograminMolecularMedicine,UniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchool,Worcester, Massachusetts,USA xiv Contributors HiroyukiMori DepartmentofMolecularandIntegrativePhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,Universityof Michigan,AnnArbor,Michigan,USA DavidL.Morris DepartmentofMedicine,IndianaUniversitySchoolofMedicine,Indianapolis,Indiana, USA TracyNelson DepartmentofOrthopaedicsandRehabilitation,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine, NewHaven,Connecticut,USA RonniNielsen DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology,UniversityofSouthernDenmark, Odense,Denmark MiwakoNishio DepartmentofDiseaseControl,ResearchInstitute,NationalCenterforGlobalHealthand Medicine,Tokyo,Japan PirjoNuutila TurkuPETCentre,UniversityofTurku,andDepartmentofEndocrinology,Turku UniversityHospital,Turku,Finland SebastianD.Parlee DepartmentofMolecularandIntegrativePhysiology,SchoolofMedicine,Universityof Michigan,AnnArbor,Michigan,USA AndersPersson CenterforMedicalImageScienceandVisualization;DepartmentofMedicalandHealth Sciences,Linko¨pingUniversity,andCountyCouncilofO¨stergo¨tland,Linko¨ping,Sweden KishoreRao PrograminMolecularMedicine,UniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchool,Worcester, Massachusetts,USA JustinJ.Rochford RowettInstituteofNutritionandHealth,InstituteofMedicalSciences,Universityof Aberdeen,Aberdeen,UnitedKingdom MatthewS.Rodeheffer SectionofComparativeMedicine;DepartmentofMolecular,Cell,andDevelopmental Biology,YaleStemCellCenter,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine,NewHaven, Connecticut,USA RazielRojas-Rodriguez PrograminMolecularMedicine,UniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchool,Worcester, Massachusetts,USA ThobiasRomu CenterforMedicalImageScienceandVisualization,andDepartmentofBiomedical Engineering,Linko¨pingUniversity,Linko¨ping,Sweden Contributors xv CliffordJ.Rosen MaineMedicalCenterResearchInstitute,Scarborough,Maine,USA EvanD.Rosen DivisionofEndocrinology,BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenter,andHarvardMedical School,Boston,Massachusetts,USA BrittanyRosenthal PrograminMolecularMedicine,UniversityofMassachusettsMedicalSchool,Worcester, Massachusetts,USA JosephM.Rutkowski TouchstoneDiabetesCenter,DepartmentofInternalMedicine,UTSouthwesternMedical Center,Dallas,Texas,USA KumikoSaeki DepartmentofDiseaseControl,ResearchInstitute,NationalCenterforGlobalHealthand Medicine,Tokyo,Japan EricaL.Scheller DepartmentofMolecular&IntegrativePhysiology,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor, Michigan,USA PhilippE.Scherer TouchstoneDiabetesCenter,DepartmentofInternalMedicine,andDepartmentofCell Biology,UTSouthwesternMedicalCenter,Dallas,Texas,USA M.F.MichelleSim InstituteofMetabolicScience,Addenbrooke’sHospital,UniversityofCambridgeMetabolic ResearchLaboratories,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom RichardSotornik DivisionofEndocrinology,DepartmentofMedicine,Universite´ deSherbrooke,Quebec, Canada MdMesbahUddinTalukder DepartmentofPharmacology,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UnitedKingdom NancyTroiano DepartmentofOrthopaedicsandRehabilitation,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine, NewHaven,Connecticut,USA JoshuaN.VanHoutan DepartmentofInternalMedicine,Endocrinology,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine, NewHaven,Connecticut,USA CherylH.Vaughan DepartmentofBiology,NeuroscienceInstituteandCenterforObesityReversal,Georgia StateUniversity,Atlanta,Georgia,USA KirsiA.Virtanen TurkuPETCentre,UniversityofTurku,Turku,Finland xvi Contributors YougenXi DepartmentofOrthopaedicsandRehabilitation,YaleUniversitySchoolofMedicine, NewHaven,Connecticut,USA EleenZarebidaki DepartmentofBiology,NeuroscienceInstituteandCenterforObesityReversal,Georgia StateUniversity,Atlanta,Georgia,USA PREFACE Thisbookwillbeinformativetothoseinterestedinobesity,stemcells,orthe development and physiology of adipose tissues. Although white adipose tissue is often maligned due to societal pressures and the diseases associated withobesity,inrealitythesedynamictissueshaveimportantbutincompletely understoodrolesinregulationofwhole-bodymetabolismandmaintenance ofhealth.Thus,thisvolumepresentsawidearrayofstate-of-the-artmethods to facilitate further study of development, physiology, and pathophysiology of adipocytes in cultured cells, animal models, and humans. In addition, researchonenergy-consumingbrownadipocyteshasexplodedoverthepast fewyearsbecauseofthepotentialforactivationorexpansionofbrownadi- posetissuesinhumanstohelpalleviateincidenceofobesity.Consequently, a number of methods for visualization and investigation of brown adipose tissue are also detailed. Finally, white adipose depots are a source of readily available stem cells, whose multipotency and other properties have consid- erable potentialto treat human diseases. Accordingly, methods for purifica- tion and study of these important precursors are also described. The study of adipose tissues goes hand in hand with global efforts to understandandreversetheepidemicofobesityandassociatedmedicalcom- plications.Thus,tremendousprogresshasrecentlybeenmadeinourability to investigate aspects of white and brown adipose tissue biology. Contrib- utors includethoseresearchersthathave madesubstantivecontributionsto ourabilitytoexploreadiposetissuebiologyatthebiochemical,cellular,tis- sue, and/or organismal levels. Authors were recruited not only based on theircontributionstothefieldbutalsoontheirabilitytocommunicatetheir cutting-edge methodological advances in a cogent and unambiguous style. These investigators have documented their “lab protocol,” including small butcriticaldetailsforwhichthereisoftennotspacewithinastandardjournal article.Wherepossible,theyhavealsoincludedgeneralsuggestionsonhow to optimize or modify protocols for the specific application of the reader. Theeditorwantstoexpressappreciationtothecontributorsforprovid- ingtheircontributionsinatimelyfashion;tothesenioreditorsforguidance; and to the staff at Elsevier for helpful input. ORMOND A. MACDOUGALD Cambridge, UK October, 2013 xvii CHAPTER ONE Adipocyte-Specific Transgenic and Knockout Models Sona Kang*, Xingxing Kong*, Evan D. Rosen*,†,1 * DivisionofEndocrinology,BethIsraelDeaconessMedicalCenter,Boston,Massachusetts,USA †HarvardMedicalSchool,Boston,Massachusetts,USA 1Correspondingauthor:e-mailaddress:[email protected] Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Adiposetissue:Brown,white,andbeige 1 1.2 Cellularheterogeneityofadiposetissue 2 1.3 Developmentalstagesofadipocytes 3 2. Loss-of-FunctionStrategiesinAdipocytesInVivo 3 2.1 Overallconsiderations 3 2.2 Knockingoutgenesinallfatdepots 4 2.3 Knockingoutgenesinbrownandbeigefat 9 3. Gain-of-FunctionStrategiesinAdipocytesInVivo 9 3.1 Methods 11 References 13 Abstract Adipose tissue plays a major role in metabolic homeostasis, which it coordinates throughanumberoflocalandsystemiceffectors.Theburgeoningepidemicofmeta- bolicdisease,especiallyobesityandtype2diabetes,hasfocusedattentionontheadi- pocyte.Inthischapter,wereviewstrategiesforgeneticoverexpressionandknockoutof specificgenesinadiposetissue.Wealsodiscussthesestrategiesinthecontextofdif- ferenttypesofadipocytes,includingbrown,beige,andwhitefatcells. 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Adipose tissue: Brown, white, and beige Adipose tissues play key roles in energy balance, glucose and lipid homeo- stasis, in addition to a variety of other functions ranging from immunity to hemostasis to angiogenesis (Rosen & Spiegelman, 2006). Because adipose tissue affects so many physiological processes, and is in turn affected by MethodsinEnzymology,Volume537 #2014ElsevierInc. 1 ISSN0076-6879 Allrightsreserved. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-411619-1.00001-X
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