Methods in Vitamin B-6 Nutrition: Analysis and Status Assessment

400 Pages·1981·14.189 MB·English

by  Esmond E. Snell (auth.), James E. Leklem, Robert D. Reynolds (eds.)

METHODS IN
VIT AMIN B-6 NUTRITION
Analysis and Status Assessment
lVIETHODS IN
"ITAlVIIN B-6 NU-TRI1 ION
1
Analysis and Status Assessment
Edited by
J
ames E. Leklem
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon
and
Robert D. Reynolds
8eltsville Human Nutrition Research Center
u.s. Department of Agriculture
8eltsville, Maryland
Springer Science+ Business Media, LLC
Library of Congress CataIoging in Publication Data
Workshop on Vitamin B-6 AnaIyticaI Methodology and Criteria for Assessing Nutri
tionaI Status, Timberline Lodge, Mount Hood, Or., 1980.
Methods in vitamin 8-6 nutrition.
Proceedings of the workshop held June 29-July 2, 1980.
fucludes index.
1. Vitamin 86 in human nutrition-Congresses. 2. Vitamin 86-Analysis-Congress-
es. 1. Leklem, James E., 1941- . Il. Reynolds, Robert D., 1943- . III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Pyridoxine-AnaIysis-Congresses. Wl AD559 v. 136/QU 195 M592
1980]
QP772.P9W65 1980 612'.399 80-29553
ISBN 978-1-4684-9903-2 ISBN 978-1-4684-9901-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4684-9901-8
Proceedings of a workshop on Vitamin 8-6 Analytical Methodology
and Criteria for Assessing NutritionaI Status, held June 29-July 2, 1980,
at Timberline Lodge, Mt. Hood, Oregon
© Springer Science+Business Media New York
OriginaIly published by Plenum Press, New York in 1981
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover Ist edition 1981
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanicaI, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher
INTRODUCTION
During the period 29 June to 2 July 1980, a Workshop was held
at Timberline Lodge, Mt. Hood, Oregon, entitled "Vitamin B-6 Analyt
ical Methodology and Criteria for Assessing Nutritional Status".
The papers which follow are the proceedings of that Workshop and
represent the combined works of 36 scientists from across the United
States and Canada. In addition to the 19 papers, there were seven
short presentations which we consider to be at the very frontiers
of analytical methods and status assessment for vitamin B-6. These
reports discussed such areas as production of specific antibodies
to the various vitamers, the synthesis of deuterated vitamers,
comparisons of ultraviolet, fluorescence and elctrochemical deter
minations of the vitamers and the identification of polyamine
pyridoxal Schiff bases in urine. Those reports are not included
in this book solely due to their highly tentative and preliminary
findings, not because we considered them of any less importance
than the papers presented herein. In fact, these reports may well
provide the foundations upon which subsequent workshops are devel
oped.
The feeling for the need of such a Workshop in part grew out
of a previous workshop held at the Letterman Army Institute of
Research, San Fra"ncisco, California, 11-12 June 1976. At that time,
extensive discussions were held on the requirements of various
populations for vitamin B-6, and an underlying feeling was present
on how best to determine the nutritional status of individuals and
populations in order to properly determine their requirements for
vitamin B-6. In the intervening years, many advances were made in
the analysis of the various vitamers. Without accurate and appro
priate analysis of the desired compounds, it is impossible to
determine nutritional status. Thus, we felt that the time was
appropriate for these two areas to be brought together and addressed
at a common workshop.
Based on discussions with leading scientists in the field of
vitamin B-6 research, it was agreed that such a workshop would
contribute a needed dimension in terms of nutrition research. The
specific goals of the workshop were 1) to discuss and evaluate
v
vi INTRODUCTION
current and developing methods used to study vitamin 8-6 nutrition,
2) similarly, to discuss and evaluate the criteria used for assess
ment, and 3) to arrive at a consensus in each of these two areas.
As an added step in the evaluation process, two scientists working
outside the area of vitamin 8-6 provided critical analyses and
evaluation of the papers and discussion. Bert Tolbert and Robert
Stokstad blended their unique backgrounds and talents to provide a
penetrating and stimulating discussion of both methodology and
status assessment. To them we are deeply indebted and most thank
ful. The papers contained herein attest to the success of the
workshop and the sharing of scientific knowledge.
For the convenience of workers in vitamin 8-6 nutrition, the
papers in the first section give extensive details on procedures
used for the analysis of the various metabolites of interest. The
completeness of detail of the nine different analytical procedures
should allow this book to be used as a laboratory handbook as well
as a source book for comparisons between different methodologies.
The second section is an evaluation of how the various methods have
been applied in order to determine vitamin 8-6 status in different
populations. The advantages and shortcomings of each assessment
method are presented as a guide to subsequent workers in this field.
Finally, the third section gives an evaluation and recommendations
on the suggested methods for analysis and status assessment. The
ideas presented in this section were derived from the numerous
discussion sessions held during the Workshop in which all partici
pants contributed. Thus, the authorship of these two papers could
be considered to be the same as the list of participants at the
Workshop. Although no point was agreed upon unaminously, each
recommendation presented, in our opinion, is a fair representation
of the consensus of the majority of the participants. We hope these
recommendations are, in fact, accurate representations of the
majority and that they will be of value to others in this field.
The Editors
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
As with any conference, the success of the Timberline 1980
Workshop was the result of the efforts of many persons. Without
the generous financial support of the following organizations, this
Workshop could not have been held: the Fogarty International Center,
the National Cancer Institute, and the National Institute of
Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Diseases, National Institutes
of Health; Human Nutrition, United States Department of Agriculture;
the Nutrition Research Institute, Oregon State University; and
Hoffman-LaRoche, Inc. The Program Advisory Committee, composed of
Myron Brin, Avanelle Kirksey, Ting-Kai Li, and Howerde Sauberlich,
provided invaluable advice in the selection of topics and speakers
and in the format of the program. Barbara Foos generously donated
her artistic talents in designing the artwork which provided the
theme that was carried throughout the entire Workshop. Prior to
and during the Workshop, the devoted staff of Shirley Cress, Lori
Stolsig, and Sherril Knower provided the secretarial services so
vital to any successful program. The entire staff at Timberline
Lodge was gracious and helpful in every aspect both during the
planning stages and during the actual Workshop. Hilda MacMichael
deserves special gratitude for her expertise and patience during
the editing and numerous typings of the manuscripts for the publi
cation of this book. All the above receive our public appreciation.
One final word of appreciation must go to whatever forces con
trolled the rumblings and eruptions of Mt. Hood and Mt. St. Helens
during the week of the Workshop. Although relatively quiet during
that period, the uncertainty contributed to the air of excitement
at the Workshop.
vii
CONTENTS
METHODOLOGY OF VITAHIN B-6 ANALYSES
Vitamin B-6 Analysis: Some Historical Aspects
Esmond E. Snell
Microbiological Assay of Vitamin B-6 in Foods. 21
Marilyn Polansky
Microbiological Assay of Vitamin B-6 in Blood
and Uri ne. . . . . . . .. ..... 45
Lorraine T. Miller and Margaret Edwards
Microassay of Pyridoxal Phosphate Using Tyrosine
Apodeca rboxyl ase . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Lawrence Lumeng, Alec Lui and Ting-Kai Li
An Improved Colorimetric Assay for Pyridoxal Phosphate
Us i ng Hi gh ly Puri fi ed Apotryptophanase . . . . . 69
Betty E. Haskell
Simple Assay for Femtomoles of Pyridoxal and
Pyridoxamine Phosphates ....... . 79
Bob In-Yu Yang, Ashok K. Sawhney, Ronnie C. Pitchlyn
and Peter M. Peer
Chemical Analysis of Pyridoxine Vitamers ... 99
K. Dakshinamurti and M. S. Chauhan
Extraction and Quantitation of B-6 Vitamins from
Animal Tissues and Human Plasma: A Preliminary
Study ................ . 123
Joseph T. Vanderslice, Catherine E. Maire, and
Gary R. Beecher
ix
x CONTENTS
Determination of Vitamin B-6 Compounds by Semi automated
Continuous-Flow and Chromatographic Methods 149
Jesse F. Gregory III and James R. Kirk
Methodology for Determination of Blood
Aminotransferases ... 171
J. H. Skala, P. P. Waring, M. F. Lyons, M. G. Rusnak,
and J. S. Alletto
CRITERIA FOR VITAMIN B-6 STATUS ASSESSMENT
Vitamin B-6 Status Assessment: Past and Present. 203
H. E. Sauberlich
Estimated Dietary Intakes of Vitamin B-6 .. 241
Judy A. Driskell and Barbara M. Chrisley
Assessment of Vitamin B-6 Status in Infants and
Children: Serial Pyridoxal Phosphate Levels
in Premature Infants ........ . 253
Ernest E. McCoy, Robert Drebit, Ken Strynadka,
and David Schiff
Vitamin B-6 Content in Human Milk .... 269
Avanelle Kirksey, Judith L. B. Roepke, and
Lynn M. Styslinger
Plasma PLP as Indicator of Nutrition Status:
Relationship to Tissue Vitamin B-6 Content
and Hepatic Metabolism. . . . . . . . . . . 289
Ting-Kai Li and Lawrence Lumeng
Urinary 4-Pyridoxic Acid, Urinary Vitamin B-6 and
Plasma Pyridoxal Phosphate as Measures of
Vitamin B-6 Status and Dietary Intake of
Adults. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Terry D. Shultz and James E. Lekl em
The Tryptophan Load Test as an Index of Vitamin
B-6 Nutrition ............ . 321
R. R. Brown
Vitamin B-6 and Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism 341
John A. Sturman
Methionine Metabolite Excretion as Affected by a
Vitamin B-6 Deficiency ......... . 373
Hellen M. Linkswiler
CONTENTS
EVALUATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Recommended Methods for Vitamin B-6 Analysis. 383
Robert D. Reynolds and James E. Leklem
Recommendations for Assessment of Vitamin B-6 Status 389
James E. Leklem and Robert D. Reynolds
List of Participants 393
Index. . . . . . . .
397
VITAMIN B-6 ANALYSIS: SOME HISTORICAL ASPECTS
Esmond E. Snell
Departments of Microbiology and Chemistry
The University of Texas
Austin. TX 78712
The discovery and purification of almost every vitamin or
other physiologically active substance has been achieved only as
methods which permit its detection have been devised. Even crude
methods may suffice to permit isolation of the active compound;
once the purified compound is available and its chemical nature is
known. it becomes possible to modify old methods or devise new ones
that provide enhanced convenience. specificity. and sensitivity.
The history of vitamin B-6 and methodology for its determi
nation illustrates well this sequence of events.
DISCOVERY OF PYRIDOXINE BY ANIMAL ASSAY
As soon as thiamine (B-1) and riboflavin (B-2)--the first two
B-vitamins to be isolated--became available as pure compounds or
as reasonably pure concentrates. it rapidly became obvious to those
attempting to grow rats or chicks on purified diets that additional
trace compounds by crude supplements were essential for
~upplied
growth. Paul Gyorgy in 1934 first used the term "vitamin B " (1)
to designate one such substance in crude feed supplements tRat cured
a florid dermatitis that developed in rats fed a purified diet
supplemented with vitamins B-1 and B-2. Such diets lacked many of
the B-vitamins now known to be required for rat growth; indeed.
crude fractions that supplied certain unidentified growth require
ments (e.g. pantothenic acid) were quickly added to them. Rat
growth assays based on these incomplete diets nevertheless permitted
isolation of a crystalline vitamin in five different laboratories
during 1938 (Table 1). and this permitted, in turn. the character
ization and synthesis of pyridoxine in 1939. As additional
substances required for animal growth were defined. these early