Methods in Membrane Biology: Volume 10 PDF
Preview Methods in Membrane Biology: Volume 10
METHODS IN MEMBRANE BIOLOGY VOLUME 10 Contributors to This Volume D. Papahadjopouios, Department of Experimental Pathology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York G. Poste, Department of Experimental Pathology, Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo, New York W. J. Vail, Department of Microbiology, Guelph University, Guelph, Ontario, Canada Sidney J. Socoiar, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida Werner R. Loewenstein, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida David F. Wilson, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Medical School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania METHODS IN MEMBRANE BIOLOGY VOLUME 10 Edited by EDWARD D. KORN Laboratory of Cell Biology National Heart and Lung Institute Bethesda, Maryland PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON The Library of Congress cataloged the first volume of this title as follows: Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Korn, Edward D. 1928- Methods in membrane biology. Includes bibliographies. 1. Membranes (Biology) I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Membranes - Periodicals. W1 ME9616C] QH601.K67 574.8'75 73-81094 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 78-641560 ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-0987-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-0985-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-0985-7 © 1979 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 1979 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y. 10011 All rights reserved No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recordihg, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher Contents of Earlier Volumes VOLUME 1 Chapter 1 - Preparation and Use of Liposomes as Models of Biological Membranes A. D. BANGHAM, M. W. HILL, AND N. G. A. MILLER Chapter 2 - Thermodynamics and Experimental Methods for Equilibrium Studies with Lipid Monolayers N.L.GERSHFELD Chapter 3 - Circular Dichroism and Absorption Studies on Biomembranes D. w. URRY AND M. M. LONG Chapter 4 - Isolation and Serological Evaluation of HL-A Antigens Solubilized from Cultured Human Lymphoid Cells R. A. REISFELD, S. FERRONE, AND M. A. PELLEGRINO Chapter 5 - Dissociation and Reassembly of the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane YASUO KAGAWA VOLUME 2 Chapter 1 - Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation and the Biological Membrane A. G. LEE, N. J. M. BIRDSALL, AND J. C. METCALFE Chapter 2 - Isolation and Characterization of Surface Membrane Glycoproteins from Mammalian Cells MARY CATHERINE GLICK Chapter 3 - Isolation and Characterization of Membrane Glycosphingolipids ROGER A. LAINE, KLAUS STELLNER, AND SEN-ITIROH HAKOMORI Chapter 4 - Preparation of Impermeable Inside-Out and Right-Side-Out Vesicles from Erythrocyte Membranes THEODORE L. STECK Chapter 5 - Kinetic Studies of Transport Across Red Blood Cell Membranes Y. EILAM AND W. D. STEIN VOLUME 3: Plasma Membranes Chapter 1 - Isolation of Cell Surface Membrane Fractions from Mammalian Cells and Organs DAVID M. NEVILLE, JR. Chapter 2 - Methods for the Isolation and Structural Characterization of Hepatocyte Gap Junctions DANIEL A. GOODENOUGH Chapter 3 - Membrane Receptors for Polypeptide Hormones C. RONALD KAHN Chapter 4 - Use of Lectins for the Study of Membranes NATHAN SHARON AND HALINA LIS Chapter 5 - Turnover of Membrane Proteins in Animal Cells ROBERT T. SCHIMKE VOLUME 4: Biophysical Approaches Chapter 1 - Techniques in the Formation and Examination of "Black" Lipid Bilayer Membranes R. FETTIPLACE, L. G. M. GORDON, S. B. HLADKY, J. REQUENA, H. P. ZINGSHEIM, AND D. A. HAYDON Chapter 2 - Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Biological Membranes: Instrumentation PETER J. SCHEIDLER AND JOSEPH M. STEIM Chapter 3 - Fluorescent Probes in Membrane Studies GEORGE K. RADDA Chapter 4 - Determination of the Molecular Weights of Membrane Proteins and Polypeptides WAYNE W. FISH Chapter 5 - Use of Monolayer Techniques in Reconstruction of Biological Activities LAWRENCE 1. ROTHFIELD AND VICTOR A. FRIED VOLUME 5: Transport Chapter 1 - Methods for Studying Transport in Bacteria PETER C. MALONEY, E. R. KASHKET, AND T. H. WILSON Chapter 2 - Preparation and Characterization of Isolated Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Their Use in Studying Intestinal Transport GEORGE A. KIMMICH Chapter 3 - Use of Isolated Membrane Vesicles in Transport Studies JOY HOCHSTA DT, DENNIS C. QUINLAN, RICHARD L. RADER, CHIEN-CHUNG LI, AND DIANA DOWD Chapter 4 - Electrophysiological and Optical Methods for Studying the Excitability of the Nerve Membrane ICHl]I T ASAKI AND KENNETH SISCO VOLUME 6 Chapter 1 - Cell Fractionation Techniques HENRI BEAUFAY AND ALAN AMAR-COSTESEC Chapter 2 - Methods of Isolation and Characterization of Bacterial Membranes MILTON R. J. SALTON Chapter 3 - Selection of Bacterial Mutants Defective in Fatty Acid Synthesis for the Study of Membrane Biogenesis DAVID F. SILBERT Chapter 4 - Isolation and Characterization of Membrane Binding Proteins DALE L. OXENDER AND STEVEN C. QUAY VOLUME 7 Chapter I-Electron Microscopic Methods in Membrane Biology H. P. ZINGSHEIM AND H. PLATTNER Chapter 2-The Use of Phospholipases in the Determination of Asymmetric Phospholipid Distribution in Membranes BEN ROELOFSEN AND ROBERT F. A. ZWA AL Chapter 3-External Labeling of Cell Surface Carbohydrates CARL G. GAHMBERG, KOICHIITAYA, AND SEN-ITIROH HAKOMORI Chapter 4-Phospholipid Exchange between Membranes D. B. ZILVERSMIT AND M. E. HUGHES VOLUME 8 Chapter I-The Use of Organic Solvents in Membrane Research PETER ZAHLER AND VERENA NIGGLI Chapter 2-Recent Methods for the Elucidation of Lipid Structure R. A. KLEIN AND P. KEMP Chapter 3-Synthesis of Stereoisomeric Phospholipids for Use in Membrane Studies M. KATES Chapter 4-Spin-Label Studies of Membranes BETTY JEAN GAFFNEY AND SHAW-CHEN CHEN VOLUME 9 Chapter I-Immunoelectron Microscopy and Immunofluorescence in Membrane Biology S. DE PETRIS Chapter 2-Synaptic Membranes and Junctions from Brain ANDREW MATUS Chapter 3-High-Sensitivity Differential Scanning Calorimetry in the Study of Biomembranes and Related Model Systems SUSAN MABREY AND JULIAN M. STURTEVANT Chapter 4-Paramagnetic Hydrophilic Probes in NMR Investigations of Membrane Systems L. D. BERGELSON Chapter 5-Membrane Mutants of Mammalian Cells in Culture RAYMOND M. BAKER AND VICTOR LING Preface Three articles make up Volume 10 of Methods in Membrane Biology. In the first of these, Papahadjopoulos, Poste, and Vail extensively review much of the available data on the fusion of natural membranes, model membranes (liposomes), and natural membranes with liposomes. The authors are led by their review of the experimental methods and their interpretations of the results obtained to a general theory of membrane fusion which they believe is applicable to all systems that have been studied. Arguing that although protein and carbohydrate may serve, in some cases, to bring membranes into sufficiently close proximity for fusion to occur and, in other cases, to remove peripheral and integral proteins from the regions that are to undergo fusion, the authors conclude that membrane fusion per se is solely a property of the lipid bilayer. In their view, all the experimental observations to date can be subsumed under a unifying hypothesis in which membrane fusion is the result of a phase separation in one-half of the membrane bilayer brought about by the interaction - of calcium ions with acidic phospholipids, mostly phosphatidylserine. Where half-membranes already contain sufficient acidic phospholipids, a local increase in calcium ion concentration may suffice to induce fusion (examples might include exocytosis and fusion of intracellular membrane systems). In other cases, natural or experimentally induced events preceding fusion might be necessary to increase the local concentration of the acidic phospholipids in the half-membrane (virus-or fusogenic agent-induced cell-to-cell fusion, or endocytosis, for example). Undoubtedly, many readers (I, for one) will not agree with this hypothesis in its entirety, but all, I think, will find that it suggests a number of useful experiments (many of which the authors propose themselves) by which the theory can be tested. Cells of multicellular organisms, and cells in tissue culture, communicate with one another. One way they do so is by direct transmission of ions and neutral molecules between cells that are in contact. Several specialized regions of cell-to-cell contact are known. Of these, it is the gap junction that is generally thought to provide the permeable channel through which the transmission of small molecules occurs. Socolar and Loewenstein have masterfully summarized and evaluated the many methods for studying ix x Preface transmission through these permeable cell-to-cell junctions. Useful methods that are discussed include measurement of junctional conductance to assess the passage of ions, fluorescent and radioactive tracer techniques including the use of autoradiography and electron microscopy for neutral molecules as well as ions, and the metabolic support of one cell by provision of an essential metabolite by another cell with which it is in contact. Qualitative and quantitative methods are discussed and sage advice is offered on choosing the best method for a particular application and for evaluating possible misleading observations. In the third chapter, Wilson discusses a very different but no less important problem in membrane biology: the study of electron transport systems. After introducing the subject with a general discussion of the principles involved in designing and interpreting experiments and the underlying thermodynamic considerations, the author provides the technical background for the potentiometric analysis of electron transport in membrane systems. Although the theoretical and practical treatment is presented in terms of oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, this chapter will be equally useful to those interested in electron transport wherever it occurs: endoplasmic reticulum, bacterial membranes, etc. More than that, the conceptual approach is appli cable to the study of any integrated metabolic system. Bethesda Edward D. Kom
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