Methods in Cell Biology, 49 : Methods in Plant Cell Biology - Part A

563 Pages·1995·40.4 MB·English

by  David W Galbraith, Hans J Bohnert, Don P Bourque

Series Editors
Leslie Wilson
Department of Biological Sciences
University of California, Santa Barbara
Santa Barbara, Cahfomia
Paul Matsudaira
Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and
Department of Biology
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Methods in Cell Biology
Prepared under the Auspices of the American Society for Cell Biology
VOLUME 49
Methods in Plant Cell Biology, Part A
Edited by
David W. Galbraith
Department of Plant Sciences
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
Hans J. Bohnert
Department of Biochemistry
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
Don P. Bourque
Department of Biochemistry
University of Arizona
Tucson, Arizona
ACADEMIC PRESS
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Cover photograph (paperback edition only): From Chapter 12 by McFadden.
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CONTRIBUTORS
Numbers in parentheses indicate the pages on which the authors’ contributions begin.
Frederick M. Ausubel(431), Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 021 14
Wendy F. Boss (543), Botany Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh,
North Carolina 27695
Lindy A. Brigham (377), Departments of Plant Pathology, and Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
Roy C. Brown (85), Department of Biology, University of Southwestern Louisiana,
Lafayette, Louisiana 70504
Myeon H. Cho’ (543), Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison,
Wisconsin 53706
Joanne Chory (441), Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies,
San Diego, California 92186
Steven E. Clark (217), Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasa-
dena, California 91125
Daniel J. Cosgrove (231), Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
Veronica P. Counihan (5 15), Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri,
Columbia, Missouri 65211
Christophe d’Enfert (417), Unit6 de Mycologie, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France
Marc De Block (153), Plant Genetic Systems N.V., G-9000 Gent, Belgium
Robert J. Ferl (391), Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 3261 1
L. C. Fowke (3), Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan, Canada S7N OW0
K. Fritze (455), Max-Planck-Institut fir Ziichtungsforschung, D-50829 Koln, Germany
M. E. Galway (3), Department of Biology, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,
Michigan 48109
Lawrence R. Griffing (l09), Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843
Mark J. Guiltinan (143), Department of Horticulture and The Biotechnology Institute,
The Center for Gene Expression, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802
H. Harling (455), Max-Planck-Institut fir Ziichtungsforschung, D-50829 Koln,
Germany
Present Address: Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
xv
xvi Contributors
Chris Hawes (33), RMC Centre for Electron Microscopy, School of Biological and
Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 OBP, United Kingdom
Martha C. Hawes (377), Departments of Plant Pathology, and Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
J. W. Heckman, Jr. (3), Center for Electron Optics, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824
Martin J. Hodson (21), School of Biological and Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes
University, Headington, Oxford OX3 OBP, United Kingdom
Mark A. Horn (531), Division ofBiologica1 Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia,
Missouri 6521 1
Inhwan Hwang (401), Plant Molecular Biology, and Biotechnology Research Center,
Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Kyeong Nam 660-701, South Korea
G. J. Hyde2 (3), Department ofBiology, York University, North York, Ontario, Canada
M3J 1P3
Thomas Jacobs (355), Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana,
Illinois 61801
Toshinori Kinoshita (501), Department ofBiology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu Univer-
sity, Hakazaki, Fukuoka 812, Japan
Heather Knight (201), Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford
OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
Marc R. Knight (201), Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford
OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
Hiroaki Kodama (315), Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Kyushu University
33, Fukuoka 812, Japan
Atsushi Komamine (315), Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Japan
Women’s University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112, Japan
Franqois Lacroute (417), Centre de Gknktique MolCculaire, CNRS, 91190 Gif sur
Yvette, France
Betty E. Lemmon (85), Department of Biology, University of Southwestern Louisiana,
Lafayette, Louisiana 70504
Xingxiang Li3 (18 5), Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University,
Pullman, Washington 99164
Hsou-min Li (441), Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies,
San Diego, California 92186
Birong Liao (487), Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illi-
nois 61801
Hong Ma (471), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring, New York 11724
Frans J. M. Maathuis (293), Department of Biology, University of York, York YO1
5DD, United Kingdom
Barry Martin (33), RMC Centre for Electron Microscopy, School of Biological and
Molecular Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 OBP, United Kingdom
* Present Address: School of Biological Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington
NSW 2033, Australia
Present Address: Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts 02138
Contributors xvii
Geoffrey Ian McFadden (165), Plant Cell Biology Research Centre, School ofBotany,
University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
Lauren McHenry4( 143), Department of Horticulture and The Biotechnology Institute,
The Center for Gene Expression, Pennsylvania State University, University Park,
Pennsylvania 16802
Elliot M. Meyerowitz (217), Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California 91 125
A. J. Miller (275), Biochemistry & Physiology Department, Rothamsted Experimental
Station, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
Michele Minet (417), Centre de GinCtique MolCculaire, CNRS, 91 190 Gif sur
Yvette, France
Nobuyoshi Mochizuki (441), Plant Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biologi-
cal Studies, San Diego, California 92186
Scott Moon (109), Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station,
Texas 77843
Patricia J. Moore (45), Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Transylvania
University, Lexington, Kentucky 40508
Thomas W. Okita (185), Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State Univer-
sity, Pullman, Washington 99164
M. V. Parthasarathy (57), Section of Plant Biology, Division of Biological Sciences,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
Anna-Lisa Paul (391), Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida,
Gainesville, Florida 3261 1
Roger I. Pennell’ (123), Department of Biology, University College London, London
WClE 6BT, England
Thomas E. Phillips (515), Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri,
Columbia, Missouri 6521 1
Betty Prewett (355), Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana,
Illinois 618 01
V. Raghavan (367), Department of Plant Biology, The Ohio State University, Colum-
bus, Ohio 43210
T. Lynne Reuber (431), Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 021 14
Keith Roberts (123), Department of Cell Biology, John Innes Institute, Nonvich NR4
7UH, England
Justin K. M. Roberts (245), Department of Biochemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521
Mark P. Running (217), Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology,
Pasadena, California 91 125
Francesco Salamini (331), MPI fur Zuchtungsforschung (Erwin-Baur-Institute),
D-50829 Koln, Germany
Present Address: Biology Department, Loyola College, Baltimore, Maryland 21210
Present Address: Plant Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, California 92037
xviii Contributors
Dale Sanders (293), Department of Biology, University of York, York YO1 5DD,
United Kingdom
Melvin Schindler (71), Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, Michigan 48824
Jen Sheen (305), Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, and Department
of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 021 14
Ken-Ichiro Shimazaki (501), Biological Laboratory, College of General Education,
Kyushu University, Ropponmatsu, Fukuoka 810, Japan
Brenda W. Shirley (401), Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnical Institute and
State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
Angelo Spena6 (331), MPI fur Zuchtungsforschung (Erwin-Baur-Institute), D-50829
Koln, Germany
Josephine Taylor (109), Department of Biology, Stephen F. Austin University,
Nacogdoches, Texas 75962
John F. Thin (259), School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich
NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
Marco A. Villanueva’ (109), Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College
Station, Texas 77843
R. Walden (455), Max-Planck-Institut fur Zuchtungsforschung, D-50829 Koln,
Germany
John C. Walker (515, 531), Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri,
Columbia, Missouri 6521 1
Catherine A. Weiss (471), Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring, New York
11724
Ho-Hyung Woo (377), Departments of Plant Pathology, and Molecular and Cellular
Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721
Jian-Hua Xia (245), Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside,
California 92521
Raymond E. Zielinski (487), Department of Plant Biology, University of Illinois,
Urbana, Illinois 61801
Present Address: Cattedra di Fisiologia Vegetale, University of Ancona, 60131 Ancona, Italy
Present Address: Institute of Biotechnology, UNAM, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62271, Mexico
PREFACE
It is taken for granted that research scientists should employ the most powerful,
most appropriate, and most up-to-date methods to investigate specific questions
in biology. Yet biologists, as a group, have an ambivalent relationship with the
methods they employ. This situation may reflect the observation that, in many
cases, those methods providing the most powerful insights arise not from biology
but from other scientific disciplines, notably physics, chemistry, and the mathe-
matical sciences. Intelligent use of these techniques tends to require reeducation
of the biologist in these disciplines, a process that often encounters a certain
degree of inertia. It is also true that the emergence and widespread adoption of
a particularly useful experimental method or instrument are not necessarily
accompanied by a recognition of the difficulties inherent in the development
and reduction to practice of this method. Consequently, the process of methods
development within the biological sciences does not enjoy the general degree of
support from the research community that is deserved in terms of the benefits
that it provides. The elements of creativity, innovation, and sophistication in
methods development are seldom appreciated and indeed are frequently the
subject of active criticism.
Yet, if traced from the historical record, the biological sciences are replete
with illustrations of the profound influence of novel methods and techniques on
biological understanding. Few would question the impact of radioisotopes on
studies of metabolism, or that of simple fixation solutions and embedding resins
on revolutionizing techniques of visualizing cellular structure by transmis-
sion electron microscopy. Now readily accessible methods and equipment for
computer-linked capture, storage, and manipulation of enormous amounts of
data have further revolutionized microscopy, delivering a quantum leap in the
provision of tools, again derived from other disciplines. Electrophysiological
techniques have allowed increasingly greater insight into mechanisms of metabo-
lite and ion transport in individual cells or cell membrane patches. Techniques
for manipulation of DNA have fundamentally altered the ways in which biological
questions are addressed. The amplification of specific gene fragments by iterative
cycles of DNA annealing and synthesis has emerged as perhaps the single most
powerful, yet elegantly simple, technique of modern biology, and such methods
are well on their way to making an indelible mark on culture and society. It is
not too difficult to predict that the continued development of computer and
communications technologies will lead to increased use of computer-based mod-
eling for analysis of biological questions. These tools should enhance the use and
importance of theoretical, predictive approaches within the laboratory setting, in
XiX
Preface
which experimental observation is used less to chart out and categorize unknown
components and more to confirm or reject the predictions of these models.
The purpose of Volumes 49 and 50 in the series Methods in Cell Biology is
threefold. First, we have brought together a comprehensive collection of different
methods applicable to plant cell biology. This compilation should give researchers
ready access to those methods that are most appropriate for their work. Second,
we have attempted to demystify the individual methods by requesting from the
authors a chapter format that clearly and succinctly explains the principles behind
the individual methods, as well as providing a step-by-step “cookbook” approach
to implementing these methods. Finally, we would like the reader to come away
with an appreciation of the breadth and depth of sophisticated thought that went
into the development of the individual methods. The diligence with which our
colleagues have responded to our charge in dealing with the topics of their
expertise is what makes these two volumes particularly important compilations
of current technical knowledge. The authors have gone beyond the requisite
provision of useful hints and tricks by lucidly explaining the conceptual frame-
work of the techniques, Many chapters outline paths to future improvements.
However, the essential theme reiterated within each chapter is that cutting-edge
research in plant cell biology requires complex, multifaceted technical expertise
and that interdisciplinary scientific efforts are integral to ensuring continued
advancements in the field.
The Co-editors thank the Academic Press staff, past and present, for their
expert help during the preparation of these volumes. We gratefully acknowledge
the contributions of the authors, who promptly provided manuscripts requiring
minimal editorial changes, and we look forward eagerly to the discoveries that
will be made possible through the use of the methods within these volumes.
David W. Galbraith
Hans J. Bohnert
Don P. Bourque
~
CHAPTER 1
Advances in High-pressure and
Plunge-Freeze Fixation
M. E. Galway,*J . W. Heckman, Jr.,t G. J. Hyde,s
and L. C. Fowke§
'Department of Biology
The University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1048
+Center for Electron Optics
Michigan State University
East Lansing, Michigan 48824-131 1
*Department of Biology
York University
North York, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada
$Department of Biology
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N OWO, Canada
I. Introduction
A. Chemical Fixation versus Freeze Fixation
B. Plunge Freezing and High-pressure Freezing
C. Suitable Specimens for Freeze Fixation
D. Hazards and Safety Precautions
11. Plunge-Freeze Fixation
A. Materials and Method
B. Critical Aspects of the Procedure
111. High-pressure Freeze Fixation
A. Materials and Method
B. Critical Aspects of the Procedure
IV. Results and Discussion
V. Conclusions and Perspectives
References
METHODS IN CELL BIOLOGY, VOL. 49 3
Copyright 0 1995 by Academic Press, Inc. All rightr of reproduction in any form reserved