Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos, Fourth Edition PDF
Preview Methods for the Study of Marine Benthos, Fourth Edition
METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF MARINE BENTHOS Fourth Edition METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF MARINE BENTHOS Fourth Edition Edited by Anastasios Eleftheriou Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Heraklion, Crete, Greece and Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece Thiseditionfirstpublished2013(cid:2)C 2013byJohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. Thirdeditionpublished2005(cid:2)C 2005byBlackwellPublishing,Ltd. Secondeditionpublished1984 Firsteditionpublished1971 Wiley-BlackwellisanimprintofJohnWiley&Sons,formedbythemergerofWiley’sglobalScientific, TechnicalandMedicalbusinesswithBlackwellPublishing. 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ISBN978-0-470-67086-6(hardback)–ISBN978-1-118-54236-1(emobi)– ISBN978-1-118-54237-8(epub) 1.Dredging(Biology) 2.Benthos–Research–Methodology. 3.Marinebiology–Methodology. I.Eleftheriou,Anastasios,1935–editorofcompilation. QH91.57.D7M472013 577.7–dc23 2013001796 AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe availableinelectronicbooks. Coverimage:UnderwaterphotographonfrontcoverreproducedbycourtesyofThanosDailianis CoverdesignbySteveThompson Setin11/13ptTimesbyAptara(cid:2)R Inc.,NewDelhi,India 1 2013 Contents Contributors xii Dedication xiv PrefacetotheFourthEdition xv Acknowledgements xvii Chapter1 DesignandAnalysisinBenthicSurveysin EnvironmentalSampling 1 AntonyJ.UnderwoodandMauraG.Chapman 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Variabilityinbenthicpopulations 3 1.3 Appropriatereplication 4 Appropriatespatialreplication 4 Appropriatetemporalreplication 9 1.4 Sizeofsamplingunit 11 1.5 Independenceinsampling 15 1.6 Multivariatemeasuresofassemblages 16 1.7 Transformationsandscalesofmeasurement 20 1.8 Data-checkingandqualitycontrol 22 1.9 Detectingenvironmentalimpactsas statisticalinteractions 24 1.10 Precautionaryprinciplesanderrorsininterpretations 28 1.11 Precisionandthesizeofsamples 31 1.12 Gradientsandhierarchiesinsampling 33 1.13 Combiningresultsfromdifferentplacesortimes 37 1.14 Conclusions 39 Acknowledgements 40 References 40 Chapter2 CharacterisingthePhysicalPropertiesofSeabedHabitats 47 AndrewJ.KennyandIanSotheran 2.1 Introduction 47 2.2 Remoteacousticmethodsforsurveyingtheseabed 49 Background 49 Echo-sounders(singlebeamsystems) 50 v vi Contents Acousticgrounddiscriminationsystemsbasedon singlebeamecho-sounder 50 Swathebathymetry 56 2.3 Particle(grain)sizeanalysis 63 Samplecollectionandstorage 64 Sedimentgradescales 66 Analyticaltechniques 68 Presentationandanalysisofgrainsizedata 76 2.4 Otherimportantsedimentproperties 81 Bulkanddrydensity,watercontentandporosity 81 Organicmattercontent 85 Chlorophyll 87 EPScarbohydrate 88 Temperature 89 EhandpH 89 InSituSedimentCharacterisationMethods 90 Disclaimer 90 References 90 Chapter3 ImagingTechniques 97 ChrisJ.SmithandHeyeRumohr 3.1 Introduction 97 3.2 Acousticimaging 99 Acousticgrounddiscriminatingsystems 99 Sidescansonar 100 Swathebathymetry 101 3.3 Video 101 Underwatervideocamerasystems 101 Lenses 103 Housings 103 Datatransmission 104 Format 105 Storagemedia 106 Powersupply 107 Videomonitors 107 Illumination 107 Calibrationandmeasurement 109 3.4 Photography 109 3.5 Carrierplatforms 111 Diving 111 Dropframes 112 Specialisedtowedplatforms 112 Remotelyoperatedvehicles 114 Contents vii Autonomousunderwatervehicles 114 Mannedsubmersibles 116 Navigationandpositioningofthecarrierplatform 117 Dataacquisitionandprocessing 118 3.6 Specialapplications 118 Sedimentprofileimagery 118 Lasertechnologies 119 Applicationofmedicaltechnologies 120 3.7 Laboratoryimaging 120 3.8 Imageanalysis 121 3.9 Afternote 122 References 122 Chapter4 Diving 125 ColinMunro 4.1 Divingsystems 125 SCUBA 126 Remotelysuppliedsystems 126 Breathinggasandsupplysystems 127 4.2 Saturationdivingandunderwaterhabitats 131 4.3 Datacollectionandrecording 133 Slateornotepadandpencil 133 Voicerecording 134 Imagerecording 136 Videosystems 142 4.4 Underwatersitemarkingandrelocation 144 Generalconsiderations 144 Airdrillsandunderwaterfasteners 147 Acousticpingersandreceivers 148 4.5 Samplingmethods 148 Corers 148 Suctionsamplers 149 Yabbypumpsandslurpguns 153 Scrapers 153 4.6 Otherstudytechniques 153 Resincasting 153 4.7 Surveymethods 154 Mantatows 154 Transectandquadratsurveys 155 Plotlessandrapidsurveytechniques 161 Fishsurveytechniques 162 References 166 viii Contents Chapter5 MacrofaunaTechniques 175 AnastasiosEleftheriouandDerekC.Moore 5.1 Littoralobservationandcollection 175 Positionfixingandlevellingontheshore 179 5.2 Remotecollection 181 Trawls 184 Bottomsledges 186 Dredges 189 Semi-quantitativeestimateswithtrawlanddredge 192 Anchordredges 194 Grabs 195 Boxsamplersandcorers 204 Suctionsamplers 207 Othermethodsofsampling 210 5.3 Workingsamplinggearatsea 211 Continentalshelf 211 Recoveryoflostgear 213 5.4 Efficiencyofbenthossamplinggear 214 Dredgesandtrawls 214 Grabs 215 Corers 219 Comparativeefficiency 219 5.5 Choiceofasampler 220 5.6 Treatmentandsortingofsamples 221 Initialtreatment 221 Preservation 227 Subsequentsorting 228 5.7 Datarecording 230 Acknowledgements 233 References 233 Chapter6 MeiofaunaTechniques 253 PaulJ.SomerfieldandRichardM.Warwick 6.1 Introduction 253 6.2 Samplecollection 254 Intertidalsediments 254 Subtidalsediments 258 Secondarysubstrata 262 6.3 Fixationandpreservation 263 6.4 Sampleprocessing 264 Extraction 264 Sediment 266 Secondarysubstrata 270 Contents ix 6.5 Storageandpreservation 270 6.6 Samplesplitting 271 6.7 Examinationandcounting 272 Sorting 272 Preparationformicroscopy 273 Counting 275 Measurement 275 6.8 Biomassdetermination 275 6.9 Cultivationofmarineandbrackish-watermeiobenthos 277 6.10 Experimentaltechniques 278 References 279 Chapter7 Deep-SeaBenthicSampling 285 AlanJ.Jamieson,BenBoormanandDanielO.B.Jones 7.1 Introduction 285 7.2 Samplingfromresearchvessels 287 Deploymentmethods 287 Tracking,monitoringandpositioning 290 7.3 Collectinganimalsfromthedeep-seafloor 293 Trawling 293 Epibenthicsleds 296 Traps 297 Suctionsamplers 299 7.4 Collectingsedimentfromthedeep-seafloor 300 Grabs 300 Boxcorers 304 Tubecorers 306 ROVcorers 309 7.5 Imagingthedeep-seafloor 310 Imagingsurveydesign 311 Photographictransects 312 ROVimaging 314 AUVimaging 317 Time-lapseimaging 318 Interpretationofimages 324 7.6 Biogeochemistryofthedeep-seafloor 327 Benthicincubationchambers 327 Sedimentprofilingsystems 330 7.7 Insitumanipulativeexperiments 331 7.8 Futuredevelopments 333 Acknowledgements 334 Abbreviations 334 References 335 x Contents Chapter8 MeasuringtheFlowofEnergyandMatterinMarineBenthic AnimalPopulations 349 JaapvanderMeer,ThomasBrey,CarloHeip,PeterM.J. Herman,TomMoensandDickvanOevelen 8.1 Introduction 350 Statevariablesandunitsofmeasurement 351 8.2 Energyandmassbudgetsofindividualorganisms 351 Ratiosor‘efficiencies’ 352 Energyfluxmodelling 353 8.3 Methodsforestimatingtheenergybudgetofan individualorganism 353 Mass,size,chemicalcompositionandenergy content 354 Ingestion,absorptionanddefaecation 360 Excretion 372 Respiration 376 Growth 379 Reproductiveoutput 380 Regeneration 382 Productformation 383 8.4 Fromtheindividualtothepopulation 384 Secondaryproduction 385 8.5 Community-levelmeasurementsandmodelling 396 Community-levelactivity 396 Community-levelmasstransfer 399 Community-levelmodelling 402 References 404 Chapter9 PhytobenthosTechniques 427 HansKautsky 9.1 Introduction 427 9.2 Phytobenthiccommunities 429 Guidelinesforthestudyofphytobenthic communities 429 Datacollection 430 9.3 Overviewofmethodsforsamplingphytobenthos 431 9.4 Transectlinetechniques 432 Overviewoftransecttechniques 432 RecommendedICESmethod 433 SCUBAtransectestimates(ICESmethod) 437 Videotransectmethod 443 Continuousobservationmethods 443 Photoframes 447 Contents xi 9.5 Otherunderwatersurveyingmethods 448 Themantatowtechnique 448 Diver-propulsionvehicletechnique 448 Otherunderwatervideotechniques 449 Remotelyoperatedvehicles(seeChapter3) 451 Echo-sounding,sidescansonar(seeChapter3) 451 9.6 Othersurveyingtechniques 452 Satelliteimagery 452 Aerialphotography 453 Laserscanningtechniques 453 9.7 Conclusion 454 Appendix 455 Shortreviewofmethodsusedformonitoringin Europeandoverseas 455 References 459 Index 467 Colourplatesection1fallsbetweenpages126and127 Colourplatesection2fallsbetweenpages302and303
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