Methods for the study of marine benthos PDF
Preview Methods for the study of marine benthos
METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF MARINE BENTHOS Third Edition Edited by † Anastasios Eleftheriou* and Alasdair McIntyre *Department of Biology, University of Crete, Greece and Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Crete, Greece †School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF MARINE BENTHOS Third Edition METHODS FOR THE STUDY OF MARINE BENTHOS Third Edition Edited by † Anastasios Eleftheriou* and Alasdair McIntyre *Department of Biology, University of Crete, Greece and Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Crete, Greece †School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK (cid:2)C 2005byBlackwellScienceLtd SecondeditioneditedbyN.A.HolmeandA.D. aBlackwellPublishingCompany McIntyre. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. EditorialOffices: ISBN-13:978-0-632-05488-6(hardback:alk. BlackwellScienceLtd,9600GarsingtonRoad, paper) OxfordOX42DQ,UK ISBN-10:0-632-05488-3(hardback:alk.paper) Tel:+44(0)1865776868 1.Dredging(Biology) 2.Benthos–Research– BlackwellPublishingInc.,350MainStreet,Malden, Methodology. 3.Marinebiology–Methodology. MA02148-5020,USA I.McIntyre,A.D. II.Eleftheriou,Anastasiois. Tel:+17813888250 BlackwellScienceAsiaPtyLtd,550SwanstonStreet, QH91.57.D7M472005 Carlton,Victoria3053,Australia 578.77(cid:3)7(cid:3)0723–dc22 Tel:+61(0)383591011 2004027447 ISBN0-632-05488-3 TherightoftheAuthorstobeidentifiedastheAuthors ofthisWorkhasbeenassertedinaccordancewiththe Acataloguerecordforthistitleisavailablefromthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988. BritishLibrary Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybe Setin11/13ptTimes reproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or byTechBooks,NewDelhi,India transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic, PrintedandboundinIndia mechanical,photocopying,recordingorotherwise, byReplikaPressPvt.Ltd,Kundli exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,Designsand PatentsAct1988,withoutthepriorpermissionofthe Thepublisher’spolicyistousepermanentpaperfrom publisher. millsthatoperateasustainableforestrypolicy,and whichhasbeenmanufacturedfrompulpprocessed Firsteditionpublished1971 usingacid-freeandelementarychlorine-freepractices. Secondeditionpublished1984 Furthermore,thepublisherensuresthatthetextpaper Thirdeditionpublished2005byBlackwellScience andcoverboardusedhavemetacceptable Ltd environmentalaccreditationstandards. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Forfurtherinformationon Methodsforthestudyofmarinebenthos/editedby BlackwellPublishing,visitourwebsite: AlasdairMcIntyreandAnastasioisEleftheriou.– www.blackwellpublishing.com 3rded. p. cm Contents Contributors xiii Dedication xv PrefacetotheThirdEdition xvi PrefacetotheSecondEdition xviii PrefacetotheFirstEdition xx Chapter1 DesignandAnalysisinBenthicSurveys 1 A.J.UnderwoodandM.G.Chapman 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Variabilityinbenthicpopulations 2 1.3 Appropriatereplication 5 Appropriatespatialreplication 5 Appropriatetemporalreplication 8 1.4 Sizeofsamplingunit 10 1.5 Independenceinsampling 14 1.6 Multivariatemeasuresofassemblages 15 1.7 Transformationsandscalesofmeasurement 18 1.8 Data-checkingandqualitycontrol 21 1.9 Detectingenvironmentalimpactsasstatistical interactions 23 1.10 Precautionaryprinciplesanderrorsininterpretations 27 1.11 Precisionandsizeofsamples 29 1.12 Gradientsandhierarchiesinsampling 31 1.13 Combiningresultsfromdifferentplacesortimes 35 1.14 Conclusions 37 Chapter2 SedimentAnalysisandSeabedCharacterisation 43 A.J.BaleandA.J.Kenny 2.1 Introduction 43 Samplingandstorage 44 2.2 Particle(grain)sizeanalysis 46 Gradescales 47 Drysievingcleansands 48 v vi Contents Rapidpartialanalysisofsilt(ormud)content 48 Methodforsiltcontent–drysediment 49 Methodforsiltcontentofwetsediment 50 Methodforgravimetry 50 Methodforwatercontent 51 Analysisofthesilt–clayfraction 51 Aggregationstatus 52 Electro-resistanceparticlecounters 53 Laserdiffractionparticlesizing 54 Sub-samplingofsediments 55 Microscopicexaminationandcharacterisation 56 Imageanalysis 56 Particlestains 57 Presentationandanalysisofgrainsizedata 57 Ternarydiagrams 57 Histograms 59 Cumulativefrequencycurvesanddistribution statistics 59 Statisticalparameterisationofparticlesizedata 61 GISmappingandcorrelationofparameters 63 2.3 Sedimentcharacterisation 63 Bulkanddrydensity,watercontent,porosity andpermeability 63 Organicmattercontent 66 Hightemperatureoxidation(elementalanalysers) 66 Lossonignition(LOI) 67 Wetoxidation 68 Chlorophyll 68 EPScarbohydrate 69 Temperature 70 EhandpHmeasurements 70 Insitusedimentcharacterisationmethods 70 2.4 Remoteacousticsensing 71 Background 71 Lowgrazingangleswathesystems(sidescansonar) 72 Singlebeamecho-sounders(AGDS) 77 Multi-beamecho-sounders(MBES) 79 2.5 Conclusions 81 Commercialsuppliers–Disclaimer 81 Chapter3 ImagingTechniques 87 C.J.SmithandH.Rumohr 3.1 Introduction 87 Contents vii 3.2 Acousticimaging 89 Acousticgrounddiscriminatingsystems(AGDS) 89 Sidescansonar 89 Swathebathymetry 90 3.3 Video 90 Underwatervideocamerasystems 90 Lenses 92 Housings 92 Datatransmission 93 Format 94 Storagemedia 94 Powersupply 95 Videomonitors 96 3.4 Photography 96 Digitalcameras 97 Illumination 97 Calibrationandmeasurement 98 3.5 Carrierplatforms 99 Diving 99 Dropframes 100 Specializedtowedplatforms 100 Remotelyoperatedvehicles 102 Autonomousunderwatervehicles 104 Mannedsubmersibles 105 Navigationandpositioningofthecarrierplatform 105 3.6 Specialapplications 106 Sedimentprofileimagery 106 Lasertechnologies 107 Applicationofmedicaltechnologies 107 3.7 Laboratoryimaging 108 3.8 Imageanalysis 109 Chapter4 DivingSystems 112 C.Munro 4.1 Divingsystems 112 SCUBA 112 Remotelysuppliedsystems 112 Hookahsystems 113 Breathinggasandsupplysystems 114 Airandnitrox 114 Helioxandtrimix 114 Open-circuitSCUBA 115 viii Contents Rebreathers 116 Oxygenrebreathers 116 Semi-closedrebreathers 117 Closed-circuitrebreathers 117 Useofrebreathers 117 4.2 Saturationdivingandunderwaterhabitats 118 4.3 Datacollectionandrecording 120 Writtenrecording 120 Audiorecording 120 Imagerecording 122 Stillphotography 122 Submersiblefilmcameras 123 Housed35mmSLRcamerasystems 124 Photo-monitoringtechniques 125 Stereo-photography 128 Videosystems 130 4.4 Underwatersurveyandsamplingtechniques 133 Underwatersitemarkingandrelocation 133 Generalconsiderations 133 Airdrillsandunderwaterfasteners 134 Acousticpingersandreceivers 135 Samplecollection 136 Corers 136 Suctionsamplers 136 Suckers(Yabbypumpsandslurpguns) 140 Scrapers 140 Resincasting 140 Detailedsurveymethods 141 Mantatows 141 Transectsurveys 142 Quadrats 146 Plotlessandrapidsurveytechniques 147 Rapidassessmentprotocoltechniques 147 MNCRmethodology 148 Fishsurveytechniques 149 Belttransect 150 Randomswimsurveyprotocols 151 Stationarytechnique 151 Chapter5 MacrofaunaTechniques 160 A.EleftheriouandD.C.Moore 5.1 Littoralobservationandcollection 160 Positionfixingandlevellingontheshore 163
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