Methods and Technologies for Measuring the Earth’s Gravity Field Parameters

396 Pages·2022·13.486 MB·English

by  V. G. Peshekhonov, O. A. Stepanov

Earth Systems Data and Models
V. G. Peshekhonov
O. A. Stepanov   Editors
Methods and
Technologies
for Measuring
the Earth’s Gravity
Field Parameters
Earth Systems Data and Models
Volume 5
SeriesEditors
BerndBlasius,InstituteforChemistryandBiologyoftheMarineEnvironment,
CarlvonOssietzkyUniversitätOldenburg,Oldenburg,Niedersachsen,Germany
DimitriP.Solomatine,InstituteforWaterEducation,UNESCO—IHE,Delft,The
Netherlands
ThebookseriesEarthSystemsData&Modelspublishesstate-of-the-artresearchand
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A special emphasis is given to theory, methods, and tools used in earth, planetary
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orologists, chemists, biologists and ecologists but also physicists, engineers and
applied mathematicians, as well as policy makers who use model outputs as the
basisofdecision-makingprocesses.
·
V. G. Peshekhonov O. A. Stepanov
Editors
Methods and Technologies
for Measuring the Earth’s
Gravity Field Parameters
Editors
V.G.Peshekhonov O.A.Stepanov
ConcernCSRIElektropribor ConcernCSRIElektropribor
St.Petersburg,Russia St.Petersburg,Russia
ITMOUniversity ITMOUniversity
St.Petersburg,Russia St.Petersburg,Russia
ISSN 2364-5830 ISSN 2364-5849 (electronic)
EarthSystemsDataandModels
ISBN 978-3-031-11157-0 ISBN 978-3-031-11158-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11158-7
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Preface
KnowledgeoftheEarth’sgravityfield(EGF)isessentialinawiderangeoffunda-
mental and applied research areas. They include, for instance, offshore hydro-
carbonexploration,forwhichmarinegravimetricsurveysareregularlyconductedby
geophysicalcompanies.ThequantumleapinINS/GNSStechnologyhasopenedthe
possibilities for airborne gravimetry along with shipborne surveys. Now the accu-
racy of airborne gravimetry is about 0.5–1 mGal and higher ata spatialresolution
oflessthan5–10km.However,inavarietyofproblemsrelatedtothestudyofthe
Earth’s figure, high-precision navigation, and geodesy, the requirements for accu-
racy, spatial resolution, and efficiency of gravimetric surveys are becoming more
stringent in recent years. This, in turn, generates a need for improved accuracy of
onboardEGFmeasurementsagainstthebackgroundofverticaldisturbingaccelera-
tions,themagnitudeofwhichishundredsofthousandstimesgreaterthantheuseful
signal.
Recently,marineandairbornegravimetricsurveysinremoteArcticregionshave
assumedanewurgency,whichisassociatedwiththestudiesofthecontinentalshelf.
Thelackofdataonthepolarregionsalsoimpedesfurtherimprovementofthemodel
fortheEarth’sfigure.
Tosolvetheproblemsofhigh-precisionnavigationandgeodesy,itisnecessaryto
knowtheabsolutevalueofthegravity(free-fall)accelerationattheobjectlocation.
Therefore, high-precision measurement of the total gravity acceleration onboard
dynamicvehiclesisoneofthekeychallengesinmoderngravimetry.
Considerableprogresshasbeenmadeinalltheaboveareassincethelate1980s,
but the recent results have not been adequately reported in the literature so far. In
thisregard,thepublicationofthismonographonmodernmethodsandtechnologies
formeasuringtheEGFparametersisparticularlyrelevant.
The book is written by a team of well-known researchers in the field of EGF
measurementsfromprominentRussianorganizations,chiefdesigners,andleading
developers of widely applied gravimeters. This book provides the most relevant
descriptionsofdesignsandprinciplesofoperationofmoderngravimeters,aswell
asthedataprocessingmethodsused.Itisneitheratrainingmanualnoramethodical
guide. Therefore, the book does not claim to be comprehensive or to cover the
v
vi Preface
abovetopicsinfull;itisratheradescriptionoftheauthors’personalexperiencesin
thedevelopmentandresearchofmethodsandtechnologiesformeasuringtheEGF
parameters.
This book is an adapted translation of the Russian book Sovremennye metody i
sredstvaizmerenyaparametrovgravitatsionnogopolyaZemlipublishedin2017by
ConcernCSRIElektropribor,St.Petersburg,Russia.
ComparedtotheRussianversionofthebookpublishedin2017,somechanges
havebeenintroducedregardingthecompositionofthesections,referencelist,etc.
Additional international references have been included, and references to Russian
scientific journals have been substituted with the English versions published by
Springer and other international publishers. Information about the contributors,
includingtheiracademicdegreesandpublications,hasalsobeenupdated.
Thebookcontainssixchapters.
Chapter1describesmodernequipmentusedforgravitymeasurements.Itgives
an overview of absolute ballistic gravimeters and analyzes the design features of
two types of relative gravimeters manufactured in Russia, mobile Chekan-AM
gravimetersandairborne/marineGT-2gravimeters,widelyusedforonboardgravity
measurements.
Chapter 2 analyzes data processing methods for onboard gravity anomaly
measurements, implemented in Chekan-AM and GT-2 gravimeters, and discusses
various approaches to improving the accuracy of onboard gravity field measure-
ments. In particular, consideration is given to the experience of using optimal and
adaptive filtering and smoothing methods, as well as the application of spherical
waveletexpansiontocombineairbornegravimetrydataandglobalEGFmodels.
Chapter3providesanoverviewofthemethodstodetermineandcalculatedeflec-
tionsofthevertical(DOV)onamovingbase.Theyincludethegravimetricmethod
based on gravity anomaly measurements, the astrogeodetic method based on the
comparison of astronomical and geodetic coordinates, and the inertial-geodetic
method based on high-precision inertial system data. The chapter considers the
technologies implementing the DOV determination methods and improving their
effectiveness,suchastheautomatedzenithtelescoperecentlydevelopedbyConcern
CSRI Elektropribor. Improved data processing algorithms enhancing the accuracy
ofDOVdeterminationmethodsarealsocovered.
Chapter4focusesonthestudiesofthegravityfieldinhard-to-reachareasofthe
Earth. It discusses the current knowledge of the Arctic gravity field, analyzes the
experienceofusingtheChekan-AMgravimeterinremoteareas,andconsidersthe
polarversionsofGT-2gravimeterscapableofoperatinginalllatitudes.
Chapter 5 presents some advanced methods for studying the Earth’s gravity
field.Airbornevectorgravimetrybasedonstrapdowninertialnavigationsystemsis
described.Possibleapproachestogravityanomalydeterminationusingthismethod
areaddressed.Thestateandprospectsforthedevelopmentofinstrumentsforonboard
measurementsofthesecondderivativesofgeopotentialarediscussed.Basicphysical
principles of cold-atom gravimeters and the outlook for their further development
arealsoconsidered.
Preface vii
Chapter 6 deals with the construction of EGF models and their applications.
Specialattentionisgiventotheestimationoftheiraccuracy.Thesemodelsareespe-
ciallyimportantinmonitoringthequalityofrelativemeasurements(dependingon
theproperoperationofequipmentandthephysicalfactorsaffectingit,suchaszero-
pointdrift),map-aidednavigation,andestimationofthemeasurementsnavigation
informativity.
St.Petersburg,Russia V.G.Peshekhonov
O.A.Stepanov
About the Book
The book provides an overview of the main modern methods and technologies
for measuring the Earth’s gravity field parameters. It presents a variety of gravity
measurement instruments, including ground-based, marine, airborne, and space
equipment.
Thebookaddressesdataprocessingmethodsappliedtoonboardgravityanomaly
measurements. The optimal filtering and smoothing problem is formulated and
solved in general form. The problem of structural and parametric identification of
the anomaly models and errors of the measuring instruments is formulated. The
proposedidentificationalgorithmisdescribed,basedonnonlinearfilteringmethods
andactuallymakingtheestimationprocessandalgorithmsadaptive.
Considerable attention is given to the methods for determining the deflections
ofthevertical.Theirfeaturesarecovered,andaqualitativecomparativeanalysisis
carriedout.
ThebookcoversthestudiesoftheEarth’sgravityfieldinremoteareas.All-latitude
modificationsofinstrumentsandsoftwareareconsidered.Theresultsofgravimetric
surveysinhard-to-reachregionsarepresented.
Promisingmethodsforstudyingthegravityfield,includingsimultaneousdeter-
minationofthegravityanomalyanddeflectionsofthevertical(vectorgravimetry),
aredescribedandanalyzed.Thestateoftheartincutting-edgetechnologiessuchas
gravitygradiometersandcold-atomgravimetersisconsidered.
ModernmodelsoftheEarth’sgravityfieldarecompared,andtheiruseinvarious
appliedproblemssuchasmap-aidednavigationisdiscussed.
Thebookiswrittenforengineersandresearchersingravimetry-relatedspheres.
Itwillbealsousefultothespecialistsindevelopmentandapplicationofnavigation
systems,includingdesignersofgravimetricinstrumentsandnavigationofficers.
ix
Contents
1 InstrumentsforMeasuringGravity .............................. 1
L.Vitushkin, L.Elinson, A.Krasnov, V.G.Peshekhonov,
A.Sokolov,Yu.Smoller,andS.Yurist
2 Data Processing Methods for Onboard Gravity Anomaly
Measurements ................................................. 63
A.Krasnov,A.Sokolov,Yu.Bolotin,A.Golovan,N.Parusnikov,
A.Motorin,A.Nosov,O.A.Stepanov,S.Yurist,andV.Vyazmin
3 MethodsforDeterminationandCalculationofDeflections
oftheVertical .................................................. 151
I.Chelpanov, M.Evstifeev, V.Koneshov, O.Yashnikova,
S.Gaivoronskii,V.Tsodokova,B.Blazhnov,G.Emel’yantsev,
andA.Stepanov
4 StudyingtheGravityFieldinHard-to-ReachAreasoftheEarth .... 199
V.Koneshov,V.Pogorelov,V.Solov’ev,A.Krasnov,A.Sokolov,
A.Golovan,Yu.Smoller,andS.Yurist
5 AdvancedGravityFieldSurveyMethods ......................... 237
Yu.Bolotin, A.Golovan, V.Vyazmin, M.Evstifeev,
andA.Vershovskii
6 Earth’sGravityFieldModelsandTheirApplication ............... 303
V.Koneshov, V.Nepoklonov, V.Solov’ev, P.Mikhailov,
L.Zheleznyak, A.Nosov, O.A.Stepanov, A.Toropov,
andL.Avgustov
Appendix ......................................................... 383
xi