meteorology and agroforestry

554 Pages·2006·8.29 MB·English

METEOROLOGY
AND
AGROFORESTRY
METEOROLOGY
AND
AGROFORESTRY
Proceedings of an
International Workshop on
THE APPLICATION OF
METEOROLOGY TO AGROFORESTRY
SYSTYEMS PLANNING
AND MANAGEMENT
Nairobi 9 -13 February 1987
Sponsored by
International Council for Research in Agroforestry ICRAF
World Meteorological Organization WMO
United Nations Environment Programme UNEP
Co-sponsored by
German Agency for Technical Cooperation GTZ
Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation CTA
Oversees Development Administration ODA
Australian Development Assistance Bureau ADAB
Published in 1989 by the
International Council for Research in Agroforestry
ICRAF House, off Limuru Road, Gigiri.
P.O.Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya.
Copyright ©
International Council for Research in Agroforestry
1989
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced without written permission from the
copyright owner.
ISBN 92 9059 059 9
© ICRAF
Graphs: J.G. Mogaki,
P.O.Box 74 611, Nairobi
Cover-, book design and production, G. Darnhofer
P.O.Box 30677, Nairobi.
Production co-ordination: T. Darnhofer,
P.O.Box 30677, Nairobi.
Printed by: English Press,
P.O.Box 30127, Nairobi, Kenya
Table of Contents
— Preface 1
— Participants 3
— Synthesis and recommendations 9
— Working group reports 13
Section 1: General
27
— The environmental basis of agroforestry A. Young 29
— Some principles and problems of collecting P.G. von Carlowitz 49
and interpreting climatic data for the
description of tree and shrub species
— Agroforestry systems in major ecological zones P.K.R. Nair 57
of the tropics and subtropics
Section 2: Basic principles
97
— Climate and plant responses: the use of P.A. Huxley 99
phenological data to help with the choice of E. Akunda
woody species for agroforestry systems A. Repollo
— Crop simulation models and some implications A.K.S. Huda 115
for agroforestry systems C.K. Ong
— The Assessment of the Stability of Agroforestry J. Riley 125
Systems
— Agroforestry systems: a production/protection G. de las Salas 131
land use strategy for steep land in the tropics
— Control of solar radiation in agroforestry W.E. Reifsnyder 141
practice
— Simulation of tree shadows in agroforestry F. Quesada 157
systems E. Somarriba
E. Vargas
— Tree and crop selection and management to J.E. Jackson 163
optimize overall system productivity, especially
light utilization, in agroforestry
Meteorology and Agroforestry
Section 3: Regional examples
175
— The continental oasis of southern Tunisia and P. Sarfatti 177
the agrometeorological network of the Nefzoua L.Ongaro
project.
— The need for meteorological information to M. Negash 181
plan agroforestry on steep slopes in Ethiopia.
— Mulching as traditionally applied by small C.G.B. Tibanyenda 191
scale coffee growers in Tanzania.
— Agroclimatic zones of Zimbabwe and K.W. Nyamapfene 195
potential for agroforestry.
— Climatic zoning for agroforestry in Somalia. P. Hutchinson 201
— The influence of rainfall distribution to tradi B.R.K. Shuma 211
tional agroforestry practices in western Kenya P.M. Mung'ala
— Vegetation and bioclimate in Liberia. M. A-As-Saqui. 215
— Environmental driving variables of ecosystems A. Hocevar 221
and their distribution on a complex terrain. L.Kajfez-Bogataj
— Traditional agroforestry practices under the L.I. Leontiades 233
edaphoclimatic parameters of Cyprus.
— Water-harvesting based agroforestry in the arid H. LovensteinRY. 241
regions of Israel. Zohar
J. Aronson
— Meteorology applied to agroforestry systems in T. Dean de 245
the Brazilian Amazon region. Abreau Sa Diniz
— Agroforestry systems for the cerrado region of M. Haridasan 257
central Brazil: potentials and constraints.
— Interaction of climatic components on A. Amin 273
agroforestry systems by management practices
in Pakistan.
— Climatic resources for agroforestry in Vietnam. Ngo-Si-Giai 281
— The need for climatic information for B.P. Sapitula 289
agroforestry systems in the Philippines.
ii
Table of Contents
Section 4: Measurement and analysis of
295
agroforestry experiments
— Inexpensive instrumentation for monitoring S.M. Newman 297
PAR in agroforestry.
— Appropriate instrumentation and the C.L. Coulson 305
appropriateness of instrumentation for CJ. Stigter
agroforestry/agricultural research in
developing countries.
— The design and analysis of experiments to S. Langton 315
monitor agroforestry systems.
— Sampling procedures. S. Langton 323
— The analysis of data from several sites and J. Riley 327
years.
— The analysis of data collected over time. S. Langton 331
— Agroclimatic analysis for semi-arid conditions. P.S.N. Sastry 337
— Ecological methods for agroforestry research. S.M. Newman 347
— Recent developments in homoclime analysis to T.H. Booth 355
assist species selection.
Section 5: Results of agroforestry experiments
359
— Tree/crop interface investigations: preliminary P.A. Huxley 361
results with Cassia siamea and maize. E. Akunda
A. Pinney
T. Darnhofer
D. Gatama
— Rainfall distribution at a tree/crop interface. T. Darnhofer 371
D. Gatama
P.A. Huxley
E. Akunda
— The influence of rainfall distribution on the K. Reshid 383
yield of maize under Leucaena leucocephala A.Getahun
alley cropping at Mtwapa,Coast Province, BJama
Kenya.
— Light interception at the tree/crop interface. J.E. Jackson 391
J.W. Palmer
— Light and water availability in fields with and F. Neumann 401
without trees. An example from Nyabisindu in P. Pietrowicz
Rwanda.
Meteorology and Agroforestry
— Soil erosion as influenced by rainfall erosivity R. Gopinathan 407
under different agroforestry systems. C.Sreedharan
— Comparison of microclimate in intercropping J. Corlett 419
and alley cropping. C.K. Ong
C.R. Black
— Water-balance and soil-water relations studies J.E. Jackson 431
in a mixed tree-crop-bare soil systems. PJ.C. Hamer
B. Jackson
— Protein and sugar production in prosopis pods P.A. Oduol 443
as affected by different climatic conditions.
Section 6: Agroforestry and animals
449
— Competition for water, light and nutrients in D.J. Connor 451
agroforestry association of Pinus radiata and R. Sands
pasture. M. Strandgard
— Climate, animal and agroforestry. M. Djimde 463
F. Torres
W. Migongo-Bake
— Impacts of sheep grazing on soil properties and Nik M. Majid 471
growth of rubber. K. Awang
K. Jusoff
Section 7: Windbreaks
483
— Les effets aerodynamiques et microchmatiques G. Guyot 485
des brise-vent et des amenagements regionaux.
— Crop protection from very strovng winds: rec CJ. Stigter 521
ommendations in a Costa Rican agroforestry T. Darnhofer
case study. S.H. Herrera
— Wind profile and soil water availability near a P.C.E. Frota 531
Caatinga shelterbelt. A.D. Ramos
E. Carrari
Section 8: Miscellaneous
537
- The climatic aspects of the 1982/1983 wildfires A.B. Oguntala 539
in Nigeria.
iv
Preface
On 9 February 1987, more than sixty scientists from around the world gathered in
Nairobi to discuss the role that the atmospheric sciences could play (and have played)
in the development and practice of agroforestry. The meeting was hosted by the Inter
national Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and co-sponsored by the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP).
Fifty of the papers prepared for the conference are in these proceedings. The first
three chapters provide an introduction to the relationship between the environment and
agroforestry. The next six chapters present information basic to understanding how
meteorology and climatology can be used in agroforestry systems. The next fifteen, fully
one-third of the book tell how meteorology and climatology have been integrated into
agroforestry practice around the world; or, in many cases, how they could or should be
so integrated. Following are nine technical papers that discuss in useful detail ways that
the environment can be measured, how experiments can be designed, and how they can
be analyzed to elicit useful information. Nine more chapters give the results of various
agroforestry experiments, most of them conducted by ICRAF scientists. Three papers
that give the results of experiments involving animals are presesented as a group, as are
three experiments involving windbreaks.
Two themes are apparent in this assembly of papers: the first is that there is intense
interest on the part of the agroforestry community over how knowledge of the atmos
pheric sciences can contribute to agroforestry practice; and second, how little hard
information exists at present. Most basic information comes from experiments and
measurements in the temperate zone. Some of this may be transportable to tropical
regions with little or no adaptation. However, much cannot. Many of the papers address
this problem; but it is clear that much remains to be done in adapting existing knowl
edge to the practice of agroforestry in tropical regions.
Thus one finishes reading these papers with some sense of frustration: there is a lot
of information out there, but how can we assemble it, test it, and apply it to agroforestry
systems? The task is daunting, but the encouraging result of the conference and the pro
ceedings is that there are many people and organizations working hard to bring this
about. It is the hope of the sponsors, the participants, and the organizers of the confer
ence (and the editor as well!) that this volume will be not only a compendium of useful
information, but also a goad to scientists and administrators throughout the world to
increase research activity on the role of meteorology and climatology in agroforestry
practice.
Editing this volume has been a rewarding educational experience for me. Some
authors may have felt that I wielded the editor's red pencil too heavily. My excuse is that
I have tried to enforce some consistency of style on papers, many of which were written
by scientists whose native language is not English. I also did most of the copy-editing
and thus am responsible for errors. The staff of ICRAF, and especially Dr. Till
Darnhofer, spent many hours in helping the publication process along. Without their
prodigious efforts, there would have been no conference and no proceedings.
William E. Reifsnyder
Questa, New Mexico, January 1989
1

Participants
Mr. M. A-AS-SAQUI Dr. LP. ABROL
Ministry of Agriculture ICAR, Krishi Bhawan
P.O. Box 3929 Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road
Monrovia New Delhi -1
LIBERIA INDIA
Mr. A.L. ALUSA Dr. A. AMIN
Director Kenya Met. Department Pakistan Agriculture Research Council
P.O. Box 30259 L-13, Almarkaz,
Nairobi P.O. Box 1031
KENYA Islamabad
PAKISTAN
Pastor J. AUMA Mr. F. BARROSO PEQUIVEN
Evangelical Fellowship of Kenya Carretera Moron-Coro
P.O. Box 465 Apartado No.66
Homa Bay Moron
KENYA VENEZUELA
Dr. T.H. BOOTH Prof. D.J. CONNOR
CSIRO Queen Victoria Terrace GPO University of Melbourne
Box 4008 Department of Agriculture
Canberra ACT 2600 Parkville
AUSTRALIA Victoria 3052
AUSTRALIA
Miss J. CORLETT Dr. C.L. COULSON
ICRISAT Patancheru P.O. Department of Crop Science
Andhra Pradesh 502 324 University of Nairobi
INDIA P.O. Box 30197
Nairobi
KENYA
Dr. G. DE LAS SALAS Mr. H.A. D'SOUZA
Consultant on Agroforestry Agriculture Development Corporation
Apartado aereo 12803 P.O. Box 47101
Bogota Nairobi
COLOMBIA KENYA
Miss T. DEANE DE ABREU SA Dr. M. DICKO
DINIZ Directeur Projet Apiculture
Agroclimatologist BP 2057
EMBRAPA/CPATU C.P.48 Bamako
Belem Para MALI
BRAZIL