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554 Pages·2006·8.29 MB·English
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METEOROLOGY AND AGROFORESTRY METEOROLOGY AND AGROFORESTRY Proceedings of an International Workshop on THE APPLICATION OF METEOROLOGY TO AGROFORESTRY SYSTYEMS PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT Nairobi 9 -13 February 1987 Sponsored by International Council for Research in Agroforestry ICRAF World Meteorological Organization WMO United Nations Environment Programme UNEP Co-sponsored by German Agency for Technical Cooperation GTZ Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation CTA Oversees Development Administration ODA Australian Development Assistance Bureau ADAB Published in 1989 by the International Council for Research in Agroforestry ICRAF House, off Limuru Road, Gigiri. P.O.Box 30677, Nairobi, Kenya. Copyright © International Council for Research in Agroforestry 1989 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced without written permission from the copyright owner. ISBN 92 9059 059 9 © ICRAF Graphs: J.G. Mogaki, P.O.Box 74 611, Nairobi Cover-, book design and production, G. Darnhofer P.O.Box 30677, Nairobi. Production co-ordination: T. Darnhofer, P.O.Box 30677, Nairobi. Printed by: English Press, P.O.Box 30127, Nairobi, Kenya Table of Contents — Preface 1 — Participants 3 — Synthesis and recommendations 9 — Working group reports 13 Section 1: General 27 — The environmental basis of agroforestry A. Young 29 — Some principles and problems of collecting P.G. von Carlowitz 49 and interpreting climatic data for the description of tree and shrub species — Agroforestry systems in major ecological zones P.K.R. Nair 57 of the tropics and subtropics Section 2: Basic principles 97 — Climate and plant responses: the use of P.A. Huxley 99 phenological data to help with the choice of E. Akunda woody species for agroforestry systems A. Repollo — Crop simulation models and some implications A.K.S. Huda 115 for agroforestry systems C.K. Ong — The Assessment of the Stability of Agroforestry J. Riley 125 Systems — Agroforestry systems: a production/protection G. de las Salas 131 land use strategy for steep land in the tropics — Control of solar radiation in agroforestry W.E. Reifsnyder 141 practice — Simulation of tree shadows in agroforestry F. Quesada 157 systems E. Somarriba E. Vargas — Tree and crop selection and management to J.E. Jackson 163 optimize overall system productivity, especially light utilization, in agroforestry Meteorology and Agroforestry Section 3: Regional examples 175 — The continental oasis of southern Tunisia and P. Sarfatti 177 the agrometeorological network of the Nefzoua L.Ongaro project. — The need for meteorological information to M. Negash 181 plan agroforestry on steep slopes in Ethiopia. — Mulching as traditionally applied by small C.G.B. Tibanyenda 191 scale coffee growers in Tanzania. — Agroclimatic zones of Zimbabwe and K.W. Nyamapfene 195 potential for agroforestry. — Climatic zoning for agroforestry in Somalia. P. Hutchinson 201 — The influence of rainfall distribution to tradi B.R.K. Shuma 211 tional agroforestry practices in western Kenya P.M. Mung'ala — Vegetation and bioclimate in Liberia. M. A-As-Saqui. 215 — Environmental driving variables of ecosystems A. Hocevar 221 and their distribution on a complex terrain. L.Kajfez-Bogataj — Traditional agroforestry practices under the L.I. Leontiades 233 edaphoclimatic parameters of Cyprus. — Water-harvesting based agroforestry in the arid H. LovensteinRY. 241 regions of Israel. Zohar J. Aronson — Meteorology applied to agroforestry systems in T. Dean de 245 the Brazilian Amazon region. Abreau Sa Diniz — Agroforestry systems for the cerrado region of M. Haridasan 257 central Brazil: potentials and constraints. — Interaction of climatic components on A. Amin 273 agroforestry systems by management practices in Pakistan. — Climatic resources for agroforestry in Vietnam. Ngo-Si-Giai 281 — The need for climatic information for B.P. Sapitula 289 agroforestry systems in the Philippines. ii Table of Contents Section 4: Measurement and analysis of 295 agroforestry experiments — Inexpensive instrumentation for monitoring S.M. Newman 297 PAR in agroforestry. — Appropriate instrumentation and the C.L. Coulson 305 appropriateness of instrumentation for CJ. Stigter agroforestry/agricultural research in developing countries. — The design and analysis of experiments to S. Langton 315 monitor agroforestry systems. — Sampling procedures. S. Langton 323 — The analysis of data from several sites and J. Riley 327 years. — The analysis of data collected over time. S. Langton 331 — Agroclimatic analysis for semi-arid conditions. P.S.N. Sastry 337 — Ecological methods for agroforestry research. S.M. Newman 347 — Recent developments in homoclime analysis to T.H. Booth 355 assist species selection. Section 5: Results of agroforestry experiments 359 — Tree/crop interface investigations: preliminary P.A. Huxley 361 results with Cassia siamea and maize. E. Akunda A. Pinney T. Darnhofer D. Gatama — Rainfall distribution at a tree/crop interface. T. Darnhofer 371 D. Gatama P.A. Huxley E. Akunda — The influence of rainfall distribution on the K. Reshid 383 yield of maize under Leucaena leucocephala A.Getahun alley cropping at Mtwapa,Coast Province, BJama Kenya. — Light interception at the tree/crop interface. J.E. Jackson 391 J.W. Palmer — Light and water availability in fields with and F. Neumann 401 without trees. An example from Nyabisindu in P. Pietrowicz Rwanda. Meteorology and Agroforestry — Soil erosion as influenced by rainfall erosivity R. Gopinathan 407 under different agroforestry systems. C.Sreedharan — Comparison of microclimate in intercropping J. Corlett 419 and alley cropping. C.K. Ong C.R. Black — Water-balance and soil-water relations studies J.E. Jackson 431 in a mixed tree-crop-bare soil systems. PJ.C. Hamer B. Jackson — Protein and sugar production in prosopis pods P.A. Oduol 443 as affected by different climatic conditions. Section 6: Agroforestry and animals 449 — Competition for water, light and nutrients in D.J. Connor 451 agroforestry association of Pinus radiata and R. Sands pasture. M. Strandgard — Climate, animal and agroforestry. M. Djimde 463 F. Torres W. Migongo-Bake — Impacts of sheep grazing on soil properties and Nik M. Majid 471 growth of rubber. K. Awang K. Jusoff Section 7: Windbreaks 483 — Les effets aerodynamiques et microchmatiques G. Guyot 485 des brise-vent et des amenagements regionaux. — Crop protection from very strovng winds: rec CJ. Stigter 521 ommendations in a Costa Rican agroforestry T. Darnhofer case study. S.H. Herrera — Wind profile and soil water availability near a P.C.E. Frota 531 Caatinga shelterbelt. A.D. Ramos E. Carrari Section 8: Miscellaneous 537 - The climatic aspects of the 1982/1983 wildfires A.B. Oguntala 539 in Nigeria. iv Preface On 9 February 1987, more than sixty scientists from around the world gathered in Nairobi to discuss the role that the atmospheric sciences could play (and have played) in the development and practice of agroforestry. The meeting was hosted by the Inter national Council for Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and co-sponsored by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Fifty of the papers prepared for the conference are in these proceedings. The first three chapters provide an introduction to the relationship between the environment and agroforestry. The next six chapters present information basic to understanding how meteorology and climatology can be used in agroforestry systems. The next fifteen, fully one-third of the book tell how meteorology and climatology have been integrated into agroforestry practice around the world; or, in many cases, how they could or should be so integrated. Following are nine technical papers that discuss in useful detail ways that the environment can be measured, how experiments can be designed, and how they can be analyzed to elicit useful information. Nine more chapters give the results of various agroforestry experiments, most of them conducted by ICRAF scientists. Three papers that give the results of experiments involving animals are presesented as a group, as are three experiments involving windbreaks. Two themes are apparent in this assembly of papers: the first is that there is intense interest on the part of the agroforestry community over how knowledge of the atmos pheric sciences can contribute to agroforestry practice; and second, how little hard information exists at present. Most basic information comes from experiments and measurements in the temperate zone. Some of this may be transportable to tropical regions with little or no adaptation. However, much cannot. Many of the papers address this problem; but it is clear that much remains to be done in adapting existing knowl edge to the practice of agroforestry in tropical regions. Thus one finishes reading these papers with some sense of frustration: there is a lot of information out there, but how can we assemble it, test it, and apply it to agroforestry systems? The task is daunting, but the encouraging result of the conference and the pro ceedings is that there are many people and organizations working hard to bring this about. It is the hope of the sponsors, the participants, and the organizers of the confer ence (and the editor as well!) that this volume will be not only a compendium of useful information, but also a goad to scientists and administrators throughout the world to increase research activity on the role of meteorology and climatology in agroforestry practice. Editing this volume has been a rewarding educational experience for me. Some authors may have felt that I wielded the editor's red pencil too heavily. My excuse is that I have tried to enforce some consistency of style on papers, many of which were written by scientists whose native language is not English. I also did most of the copy-editing and thus am responsible for errors. The staff of ICRAF, and especially Dr. Till Darnhofer, spent many hours in helping the publication process along. Without their prodigious efforts, there would have been no conference and no proceedings. William E. Reifsnyder Questa, New Mexico, January 1989 1 Participants Mr. M. A-AS-SAQUI Dr. LP. ABROL Ministry of Agriculture ICAR, Krishi Bhawan P.O. Box 3929 Dr. Rajendra Prasad Road Monrovia New Delhi -1 LIBERIA INDIA Mr. A.L. ALUSA Dr. A. AMIN Director Kenya Met. Department Pakistan Agriculture Research Council P.O. Box 30259 L-13, Almarkaz, Nairobi P.O. Box 1031 KENYA Islamabad PAKISTAN Pastor J. AUMA Mr. F. BARROSO PEQUIVEN Evangelical Fellowship of Kenya Carretera Moron-Coro P.O. Box 465 Apartado No.66 Homa Bay Moron KENYA VENEZUELA Dr. T.H. BOOTH Prof. D.J. CONNOR CSIRO Queen Victoria Terrace GPO University of Melbourne Box 4008 Department of Agriculture Canberra ACT 2600 Parkville AUSTRALIA Victoria 3052 AUSTRALIA Miss J. CORLETT Dr. C.L. COULSON ICRISAT Patancheru P.O. Department of Crop Science Andhra Pradesh 502 324 University of Nairobi INDIA P.O. Box 30197 Nairobi KENYA Dr. G. DE LAS SALAS Mr. H.A. D'SOUZA Consultant on Agroforestry Agriculture Development Corporation Apartado aereo 12803 P.O. Box 47101 Bogota Nairobi COLOMBIA KENYA Miss T. DEANE DE ABREU SA Dr. M. DICKO DINIZ Directeur Projet Apiculture Agroclimatologist BP 2057 EMBRAPA/CPATU C.P.48 Bamako Belem Para MALI BRAZIL

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World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations . INRA. Centre de Recherches de Bordeaux B.P.. 1313140. Point de la Maye.
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