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Metamorphism and Metamorphic Belts PDF

482 Pages·1973·19.803 MB·English
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METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC BELTS Other Geology titles: Read: RUTLEY'S ELEMENTS OF MINERALOGY Winkler: PETROGENESIS OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS Hatch, Wells and Wells: THE PETROLOGY OF THE IGNEOUS ROCKS Greensmith, Hatch and Rastall: PETROLOGY OF THE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS Allen: PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF SEDIMENTATION Metamorphism and Metamorphic Belts By AKIHO MIYASHIRO Professor of Geology, State University ofN ew York at Albany London GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN Boston Sydney First published in Great Britain in 1973 Second impression 1975 Third impression 1978 This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should be addressed to the publishers. This translation © Akiho Miyashiro, 1973 Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1973 ISBN-13: 978-0-04-550026-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6836-6 DOl: 10.1007/ 978-94-011-6836-6 Original Japanese language edition published by Iwanami Shoten, Publishers, Tokyo Henseigan To Henseita © Akiho Miyashiro, 1965 The Gresham Press, Old Woking, Surrey Contents page Preface 13 Acknowledgments for figures 15 PART I BASIS OF METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY 1 Introduction 19 1-1 Concept of metamorphism 19 1-2 Geologic classification of metamorphism 22 1-3 Compositional groups of metamorphic rocks 28 1-4 Nomenclature of metamorphic rock types 30 1-5 Distribution of metamorphic rocks 34 2 Basic Characteristics of MetamorphiC Reactions 38 2-1 Aim of this chapter and units of measurement 38 2-2 Solid-solid reactions 39 2-3 Open system and models for the behaviour of H2 0 42 2-4 Dehydration reactions 45 2-5 Mineral assemblages and element distribution 48 2-6 Decarbonation reactions 50 2-7 Oxidation and reduction in metamorphism 51 3 Basic Concepts of Metamorphic Petrology S6 3-1 Progressive regional metamorphism 56 3-2 Outline of metamorphic facies 66 3-3 Baric types and paired metamorphic belts 71 3-4 Baric types and geothermal gradients 85 3-5 Temperature and pressure corresponding to individual meta- morphic facies 88 4 Some Important Problems in Metamorphic Geology 93 4-1 Igneous rock associations related to regional metamorphism 93 4-2 Volcanic arcs in relation to low-pressure regional meta- morphism 100 4-3 Metamorphic facies and geologic age 106 4-4 Diversity in low-temperature metamorphism 112 4-5 Nature of contact metamorphism 115 S Diagrammatic Representation of Mineral Parageneses 120 5-1 Mineralogical phase rules and composition-paragenesis dia- grams 120 8/METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC BELTS 5-2 Eskola'sACF andA'KF diagrams 124 5-3 AFM diagrams for metapelites 130 5-4 Schreinemakers bundle 133 PART II PROGRESSIVE METAMORPHISM 6A Zeolite and Prehnite-PumpeUyite Facies Metamorphism: Its Diversity 139 6A-l Classification of burial metamorphic terranes in terms of geothermal gradients 139 6A-2 Zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies terranes of the low- pressure type 140 6A-3 Zeolite distribution in active geothermal fields 147 6A-4 Zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies terranes of the medium-pressure type 149 6A-5 Relevant data from high-pressure metamorphic terranes 152 6A-6 Other areas 153 6B Zeolite and Prehnite-Pumpellyite Facies Metamorphism: Progressive Mineral Changes 156 6B-l Progressive changes in zeolite assemblages 156 6B-2 Experimental studies on the stabilities of zeolites 159 60-3 Smectite, illite and mixed-layer clay minerals 163 60-4 Prehnite and pumpellyite 164 60-5 Opal, chalcedony and quartz 165 7A Metapelites: Diversity in Progressive Regional Metamorphism 167 7A-l Nature of the diversity 167 7A-2 Low-pressure metapelites in the Ryoke belt and Abukuma Plateau, Japan 167 7A-3 Low-pressure metapelites in Australia 174 7A-4 Low-pressure metapelites in France and Spain 175 7A-5 Low-pressure metapelites in North America 180 7A-6 Medium-pressure metapelites in the Scottish Highlands 185 7A-7 Medium-pressure metapelites in the Northern Appalachians 188 7A-8 High-pressure metapelites in the Alps 189 7A-9 High-pressure metapelites in the Sanbagawa belt, Japan 191 7A-I0 High-pressure metaclastics in the California Coast Ranges 193 7B Metapelites: Progressive Mineral Changes 198 70-1 Order of discussions 198 70-2 Disappearance of clay minerals 198 70-3 Paragonite 199 70-4 Muscovite 201 70-5 Chloritoid 205 70-6 Chlorite 206 CONTENTS/9 7B-7 Formation of biotite 208 7B-8 Plagioclase 210 7B-9 Cordierite 211 7B-1O Pyralspite garnets 214 7B-11 Staurolite 222 7B-12 Formation of andalusite and kyanite 223 7B-13 Phase relations of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite 224 7B-14 Microcline to orthoclase 225 7B-15 Breakdown of muscovite 226 7B-16 Partial melting 226 7B-17 Breakdown of biotite 227 7B-18 AFM diagrams for progressive metamorphism of pelites 228 7B -19 Lawsonite and aragonite 228 7B-20 Formation of jadeite 230 7B-21 Oxides and sulphides of iron 232 7B-22 Organic material and graphite 232 8A Metabasites: Diversity in Progressive Regional Metamorphism 234 8A·l Mineralogical sensitivity of metabasites 234 8A-2 Low·pressure metabasites in the Ryoke belt and Abukuma Plateau, Japan 234 8A-3 Low·pressure metabasites in Spain 238 8AA Low-pressure metabasites in Michigan 239 8A-5 Medium-pressure metabasites in the Scottish Highlands and Norway. 239 8A-6 Medium·pressure metabasites in the Northern Appalachians 241 8A-7 Metabasites in passage from the amphibolite to the granulite facies 242 8A-8 High-pressure metabasites in the Sanbagawa belt, Japan 244 8A-9 High-pressure metabasites of the California Coast Rallges 246 8B Metabasites: Progressive Mineral Changes 248 8B-l Chlorite 248 8B-2 Epidote and zoisite 248 8B-3 Plagioclase 249 8BA Calcic and sub calcic amphiboles 251 8B-5 Cummingtonite, anthophyllite and gedrite 258 8B-6 Muscovite and biotite 258 8B-7 Almandine garnet 259 8B-8 Calcic clinopyroxene 260 8B-9 Orthopyroxene 260 8B-1O Glaucophane 262 la/METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC BELTS 8B-ll Stilpnomelane 263 8B-12 Oxides and sulphides of iron 264 9 Progressive Regional Metamorphism of Limestones 266 9-1 Compositions of limestone and fluids 266 9-2 Limestones in low-pressure regional metamorphism 267 9-3 Limestones in medium-pressure regional metamorphism 268 9-4 Limestones in high-pressure regional metamorphism 269 9-5 Progressive metamorphic reactions in siliceous dolomitic limestones 270 9-6 Metamorphic reactions in alumina-containing siliceous lime- stones 274 10 Progressive Contact Metamorphism and Pyrometamorphism 277 10-1 Contact metamorphism of pelites to produce andalusite as the only A12SiOs mineral 277 10-2 Contact metamorphism of pelites to produce sillimanite with or without andalusite 279 10-3 Contact metamorphism of pelites to produce staurolite and kyanite 282 10-4 Possible example of partial melting in a contact aureole 285 10-5 Pyrometamorphism of pelitic and psammitic rocks 286 10-6 Contact metamorphism of basic rocks 288 10-7 Contact metamorphism of limestones 290 11 Metamorphic Facies and Facies Series 293 11-1 Development of the concept of metamorphic facies 293 11-2 Metamorphic facies of the low-pressure type 299 11-3 Metamorphic facies of the medium-pressure type 304 11-4 Metamorphic facies of the high-pressure type 308 12 Eclogites and the Eclogite Facies 310 12-1 Eclogites and Eskola's concept of the eclogite facies 310 12-2 Relation between the granulite and the eclogite facies 311 12-3 Relation between the eclogite and hydrous metamorphic facies 316 12-4 Eclogite inclusions 320 12-5 Granites and metapelites in the eclogite facies 324 PART III METAMORPHISM AND CRUSTAL EVOLUTION 13 Metamorphic Belts of North America 327 13-1 Constitution of North America 327 13-2 Metamorphism in the Canadian Shield 327 13-3· The metamorphic belt of the Appalachians 330 13-4 Metamorphic belts in the Cordilleran Mountains 332 CONTENTS/ll 14 Metamorphic Belts of Europe 338 14-1 Constitution of Europe 338 14-2 Metamorphism in the Baltic Shield 338 14-3 Metamorphic belts in the Caledonides 340 14-4 Metamorphic belts in the west European Hercynides 342 14-5 Metamorphic belts in the west European Alpides 343 14-6 Correlation and basements of metamorphic belts in the Atlantic regions 345 15 Metamorphic Belts in Japan and its Environs 348 15-1 Present-day arcs of the Japanese Islands 348 15-2 The Asiatic Continent and the Japanese Islands 354 15-3 Paired metamorphic belts 356 15-4 Hida metamorphic complex 360 15-5 High-pressure metamorphic terranes older than the Sangun belt 361 15-6 Sangun metamorphic belt 362 15-7 Ryoke metamorphic belt and Abukuma Plateau 363 15-8 Sanbagawa metamorphic belt 369 15-9 Metamorphism of the Shimanto terrane and the Mizuho orogenic belt 371 15-10 Summary of the chronology and distribution of metamorphic belts in the Honshu Arc 373 15-11 Hidaka and Kamuikotan metamorphic belts in Hokkaido 375 15-12 Metamorphic belts of the Ryukyu Arc and Taiwan 375 16 Metamorphic Belts in the Southwest Pacific 379 16-1 Characteristics of the Southwest Pacific regions 379 16-2 The Australian Continent 379 16-3 New Zealand 382 16-4 Celebes 386 16-5 New Caledonia 388 16-6 Yap Islands 388 17 Tectonics of Regional Metamorphic Belts 390 17-1 Tectonic classification of metamorphic belts 390 17-2 Variation in the rate of plate convergence and the relation between paired and unpaired metamorphic belts 391 17-3 Summary of geologic features of metamorphic belts 394 17-4 Tectonic significance of medium-pressure regional metamor- phism 398 17-5 Temperature distribution in orogenic belts 398 17-6 Major faults, slab surfaces, a.ld the uplift of high-pressure metamorphiC complexes 400 12/METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC BELTS 17-7 Tectonics of island arcs and paired metamorphic belts in the main part of Japan 404 18 Metamorphic Structure of Continental Crusts 409 18-1 Constitution of continents 409 18-2 Precambrian shields 410 18-3 Vertical differentiation of continental crusts 412 18-4 Phanerozoic orogenic belts 414 19 Ocean-floor Metamorphism and its Significance 416 19-1 Hard rocks of deep ocean floors 416 19-2 Metabasalts and metagabbros from deep ocean floors 417 19-3 Significance of ocean-floor metamorphism 419 20 Cataclastic Metamorphism along Transform Faults 421 20-1 Classification and field relations of catac1astic metamorphic rocks 421 20-2 The San Andreas fault zone in California 423 20-3 The Alpine fault of N~w Zealand 424 20-4 Catac1astic rocks along transform faults in ocean floors 425 Appendix History of the Study of Metamorphism 427 References 441 Index 481

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