Metamorphism and Metamorphic Belts

482 Pages·1973·19.803 MB·English

by  Akiho Miyashiro (auth.)

METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC BELTS
Other Geology titles:
Read: RUTLEY'S ELEMENTS OF MINERALOGY
Winkler: PETROGENESIS OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Hatch, Wells and Wells: THE PETROLOGY OF THE IGNEOUS ROCKS
Greensmith, Hatch and Rastall: PETROLOGY OF THE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
Allen: PHYSICAL PROCESSES OF SEDIMENTATION
Metamorphism and
Metamorphic Belts
By
AKIHO MIYASHIRO
Professor of Geology, State University ofN ew York at Albany
London
GEORGE ALLEN & UNWIN
Boston Sydney
First published in Great Britain in 1973
Second impression 1975
Third impression 1978
This book is copyright under the Berne Convention. All rights reserved. Apart from
any fair dealing for the purpose of private study, research, criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright Act, 1956, no part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, electrical, chemical, mechanical, optical, photocopying, recording
or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. Enquiries should
be addressed to the publishers.
This translation © Akiho Miyashiro, 1973
Softcover reprint of the hardcover I st edition 1973
ISBN-13: 978-0-04-550026-0 e-ISBN-13: 978-94-011-6836-6
DOl: 10.1007/ 978-94-011-6836-6
Original Japanese language edition published by Iwanami Shoten, Publishers, Tokyo
Henseigan To Henseita © Akiho Miyashiro, 1965
The Gresham Press, Old Woking, Surrey
Contents
page
Preface 13
Acknowledgments for figures 15
PART I BASIS OF METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY
1 Introduction 19
1-1 Concept of metamorphism 19
1-2 Geologic classification of metamorphism 22
1-3 Compositional groups of metamorphic rocks 28
1-4 Nomenclature of metamorphic rock types 30
1-5 Distribution of metamorphic rocks 34
2 Basic Characteristics of MetamorphiC Reactions 38
2-1 Aim of this chapter and units of measurement 38
2-2 Solid-solid reactions 39
2-3 Open system and models for the behaviour of H2 0 42
2-4 Dehydration reactions 45
2-5 Mineral assemblages and element distribution 48
2-6 Decarbonation reactions 50
2-7 Oxidation and reduction in metamorphism 51
3 Basic Concepts of Metamorphic Petrology S6
3-1 Progressive regional metamorphism 56
3-2 Outline of metamorphic facies 66
3-3 Baric types and paired metamorphic belts 71
3-4 Baric types and geothermal gradients 85
3-5 Temperature and pressure corresponding to individual meta-
morphic facies 88
4 Some Important Problems in Metamorphic Geology 93
4-1 Igneous rock associations related to regional metamorphism 93
4-2 Volcanic arcs in relation to low-pressure regional meta-
morphism 100
4-3 Metamorphic facies and geologic age 106
4-4 Diversity in low-temperature metamorphism 112
4-5 Nature of contact metamorphism 115
S Diagrammatic Representation of Mineral Parageneses 120
5-1 Mineralogical phase rules and composition-paragenesis dia-
grams 120
8/METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC BELTS
5-2 Eskola'sACF andA'KF diagrams 124
5-3 AFM diagrams for metapelites 130
5-4 Schreinemakers bundle 133
PART II PROGRESSIVE METAMORPHISM
6A Zeolite and Prehnite-PumpeUyite Facies Metamorphism: Its Diversity 139
6A-l Classification of burial metamorphic terranes in terms of
geothermal gradients 139
6A-2 Zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies terranes of the low-
pressure type 140
6A-3 Zeolite distribution in active geothermal fields 147
6A-4 Zeolite and prehnite-pumpellyite facies terranes of the
medium-pressure type 149
6A-5 Relevant data from high-pressure metamorphic terranes 152
6A-6 Other areas 153
6B Zeolite and Prehnite-Pumpellyite Facies Metamorphism: Progressive
Mineral Changes 156
6B-l Progressive changes in zeolite assemblages 156
6B-2 Experimental studies on the stabilities of zeolites 159
60-3 Smectite, illite and mixed-layer clay minerals 163
60-4 Prehnite and pumpellyite 164
60-5 Opal, chalcedony and quartz 165
7A Metapelites: Diversity in Progressive Regional Metamorphism 167
7A-l Nature of the diversity 167
7A-2 Low-pressure metapelites in the Ryoke belt and Abukuma
Plateau, Japan 167
7A-3 Low-pressure metapelites in Australia 174
7A-4 Low-pressure metapelites in France and Spain 175
7A-5 Low-pressure metapelites in North America 180
7A-6 Medium-pressure metapelites in the Scottish Highlands 185
7A-7 Medium-pressure metapelites in the Northern Appalachians 188
7A-8 High-pressure metapelites in the Alps 189
7A-9 High-pressure metapelites in the Sanbagawa belt, Japan 191
7A-I0 High-pressure metaclastics in the California Coast Ranges 193
7B Metapelites: Progressive Mineral Changes 198
70-1 Order of discussions 198
70-2 Disappearance of clay minerals 198
70-3 Paragonite 199
70-4 Muscovite 201
70-5 Chloritoid 205
70-6 Chlorite 206
CONTENTS/9
7B-7 Formation of biotite 208
7B-8 Plagioclase 210
7B-9 Cordierite 211
7B-1O Pyralspite garnets 214
7B-11 Staurolite 222
7B-12 Formation of andalusite and kyanite 223
7B-13 Phase relations of andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite 224
7B-14 Microcline to orthoclase 225
7B-15 Breakdown of muscovite 226
7B-16 Partial melting 226
7B-17 Breakdown of biotite 227
7B-18 AFM diagrams for progressive metamorphism of pelites 228
7B -19 Lawsonite and aragonite 228
7B-20 Formation of jadeite 230
7B-21 Oxides and sulphides of iron 232
7B-22 Organic material and graphite 232
8A Metabasites: Diversity in Progressive Regional Metamorphism 234
8A·l Mineralogical sensitivity of metabasites 234
8A-2 Low·pressure metabasites in the Ryoke belt and Abukuma
Plateau, Japan 234
8A-3 Low·pressure metabasites in Spain 238
8AA Low-pressure metabasites in Michigan 239
8A-5 Medium-pressure metabasites in the Scottish Highlands and
Norway. 239
8A-6 Medium·pressure metabasites in the Northern Appalachians 241
8A-7 Metabasites in passage from the amphibolite to the granulite
facies 242
8A-8 High-pressure metabasites in the Sanbagawa belt, Japan 244
8A-9 High-pressure metabasites of the California Coast Rallges 246
8B Metabasites: Progressive Mineral Changes 248
8B-l Chlorite 248
8B-2 Epidote and zoisite 248
8B-3 Plagioclase 249
8BA Calcic and sub calcic amphiboles 251
8B-5 Cummingtonite, anthophyllite and gedrite 258
8B-6 Muscovite and biotite 258
8B-7 Almandine garnet 259
8B-8 Calcic clinopyroxene 260
8B-9 Orthopyroxene 260
8B-1O Glaucophane 262
la/METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC BELTS
8B-ll Stilpnomelane 263
8B-12 Oxides and sulphides of iron 264
9 Progressive Regional Metamorphism of Limestones 266
9-1 Compositions of limestone and fluids 266
9-2 Limestones in low-pressure regional metamorphism 267
9-3 Limestones in medium-pressure regional metamorphism 268
9-4 Limestones in high-pressure regional metamorphism 269
9-5 Progressive metamorphic reactions in siliceous dolomitic
limestones 270
9-6 Metamorphic reactions in alumina-containing siliceous lime-
stones 274
10 Progressive Contact Metamorphism and Pyrometamorphism 277
10-1 Contact metamorphism of pelites to produce andalusite as
the only A12SiOs mineral 277
10-2 Contact metamorphism of pelites to produce sillimanite with
or without andalusite 279
10-3 Contact metamorphism of pelites to produce staurolite and
kyanite 282
10-4 Possible example of partial melting in a contact aureole 285
10-5 Pyrometamorphism of pelitic and psammitic rocks 286
10-6 Contact metamorphism of basic rocks 288
10-7 Contact metamorphism of limestones 290
11 Metamorphic Facies and Facies Series 293
11-1 Development of the concept of metamorphic facies 293
11-2 Metamorphic facies of the low-pressure type 299
11-3 Metamorphic facies of the medium-pressure type 304
11-4 Metamorphic facies of the high-pressure type 308
12 Eclogites and the Eclogite Facies 310
12-1 Eclogites and Eskola's concept of the eclogite facies 310
12-2 Relation between the granulite and the eclogite facies 311
12-3 Relation between the eclogite and hydrous metamorphic
facies 316
12-4 Eclogite inclusions 320
12-5 Granites and metapelites in the eclogite facies 324
PART III METAMORPHISM AND CRUSTAL EVOLUTION
13 Metamorphic Belts of North America 327
13-1 Constitution of North America 327
13-2 Metamorphism in the Canadian Shield 327
13-3· The metamorphic belt of the Appalachians 330
13-4 Metamorphic belts in the Cordilleran Mountains 332
CONTENTS/ll
14 Metamorphic Belts of Europe 338
14-1 Constitution of Europe 338
14-2 Metamorphism in the Baltic Shield 338
14-3 Metamorphic belts in the Caledonides 340
14-4 Metamorphic belts in the west European Hercynides 342
14-5 Metamorphic belts in the west European Alpides 343
14-6 Correlation and basements of metamorphic belts in the
Atlantic regions 345
15 Metamorphic Belts in Japan and its Environs 348
15-1 Present-day arcs of the Japanese Islands 348
15-2 The Asiatic Continent and the Japanese Islands 354
15-3 Paired metamorphic belts 356
15-4 Hida metamorphic complex 360
15-5 High-pressure metamorphic terranes older than the Sangun
belt 361
15-6 Sangun metamorphic belt 362
15-7 Ryoke metamorphic belt and Abukuma Plateau 363
15-8 Sanbagawa metamorphic belt 369
15-9 Metamorphism of the Shimanto terrane and the Mizuho
orogenic belt 371
15-10 Summary of the chronology and distribution of metamorphic
belts in the Honshu Arc 373
15-11 Hidaka and Kamuikotan metamorphic belts in Hokkaido 375
15-12 Metamorphic belts of the Ryukyu Arc and Taiwan 375
16 Metamorphic Belts in the Southwest Pacific 379
16-1 Characteristics of the Southwest Pacific regions 379
16-2 The Australian Continent 379
16-3 New Zealand 382
16-4 Celebes 386
16-5 New Caledonia 388
16-6 Yap Islands 388
17 Tectonics of Regional Metamorphic Belts 390
17-1 Tectonic classification of metamorphic belts 390
17-2 Variation in the rate of plate convergence and the relation
between paired and unpaired metamorphic belts 391
17-3 Summary of geologic features of metamorphic belts 394
17-4 Tectonic significance of medium-pressure regional metamor-
phism 398
17-5 Temperature distribution in orogenic belts 398
17-6 Major faults, slab surfaces, a.ld the uplift of high-pressure
metamorphiC complexes 400
12/METAMORPHISM AND METAMORPHIC BELTS
17-7 Tectonics of island arcs and paired metamorphic belts in
the main part of Japan 404
18 Metamorphic Structure of Continental Crusts 409
18-1 Constitution of continents 409
18-2 Precambrian shields 410
18-3 Vertical differentiation of continental crusts 412
18-4 Phanerozoic orogenic belts 414
19 Ocean-floor Metamorphism and its Significance 416
19-1 Hard rocks of deep ocean floors 416
19-2 Metabasalts and metagabbros from deep ocean floors 417
19-3 Significance of ocean-floor metamorphism 419
20 Cataclastic Metamorphism along Transform Faults 421
20-1 Classification and field relations of catac1astic metamorphic
rocks 421
20-2 The San Andreas fault zone in California 423
20-3 The Alpine fault of N~w Zealand 424
20-4 Catac1astic rocks along transform faults in ocean floors 425
Appendix History of the Study of Metamorphism 427
References 441
Index 481