Metallic Materials- Physical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties

710 Pages·2002·3.03 MB·English

METALLIC
MATERIALS
Physical, Mechanical, and
Corrosion Properties
Philip A. Schweitzer, P. E.
Consultant
York, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.
u
MARCEL
MARCEL DEKKER, INC. NEW YORK • BASEL
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CORROSION TECHNOLOGY
Editor
Philip A. Schweitzer, P.E.
Consultant
York, Pennsylvania
1. Corrosion and Corrosion Protection Handbook: Second Edition,
Revised and Expanded, edited by Philip A. Schweitzer
2. Corrosion Resistant Coatings Technology, Ichiro Suzuki
3. Corrosion Resistance of Elastomers, Philip A. Schweitzer
4. Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mor-
tars, Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics: Third Edition,
Revised and Expanded (Parts A and B), Philip A. Schweitzer
5. Corrosion-Resistant Piping Systems, Philip A. Schweitzer
6. Corrosion Resistance of Zinc and Zinc Alloys, Frank C. Porter
7. Corrosion of Ceramics, Ronald A. McCauley
8. Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice, edited by P. Marcus
and J. Oudar
9. Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels, C. P. Dillon
10. Corrosion Resistance Tables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mor-
tars, Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics: Fourth Edition,
Revised and Expanded (Parts A, B, and C), Philip A. Schweitzer
11. Corrosion Engineering Handbook, edited by Philip A. Schweitzer
12. Atmospheric Degradation and Corrosion Control, Philip A.
Schweitzer
13. Mechanical and Corrosion-Resistant Properties of Plastics and
Elastomers, Philip A. Schweitzer
14. Environmental Degradation of Metals, U. K. Chatterjee, S. K. Bose,
and S. K. Roy
15. Environmental Effects on Engineered Materials, edited by Russell
H.Jones
16. Corrosion-Resistant Linings and Coatings, Philip A. Schweitzer
17. Corrosion Mechanisms in Theory and Practice: Second Edition,
Revised and Expanded, edited by Philippe Marcus
18. Electrochemical Techniques in Corrosion Science and Engineering,
Robert G. Kelly, John R. Scully, David W. Shoesmith, and Rudolph
G. Buchheit
19. Metallic Materials: Physical, Mechanical, and Corrosion Properties,
Philip A. Schweitzer
ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION
Preface
Selecting the most appropriate material of construction for an application
involves the making of numerous important decisions. This is true whether
it be for the construction of a bridge, a household appliance, a piece of
chemical processing equipment, or the decorative facing of a building. Fac-
tors such as physical and mechanical properties, corrosion resistance,work-
ability, and cost must all be taken into consideration.
With the introduction of new metallic alloys and advances in the pro-
ductionoftheso-calledexoticmetals,whatwasthebestchoiceseveralyears
ago may no longer be so. Over the years, improvements have been made to
specific properties of various alloys. These improvements include methods
to increase mechanical, physical, and corrosion resistance properties.Alter-
nativesincompositionhavealsobeenformulatedtoimprovetheworkability
of many alloys.
In order to conduct a meaningful evaluation of a design, all the data
needed to select the most appropriate material must be available. It is the
purpose of this book to supply as much of this information as possible for
commercially available metallic materials.
iii
iv Preface
Chapter1providesbackgroundrelatingtothephysicalandmechanical
properties of metals and defines the terminology. Chapter 2 provides a brief
description of the various forms of corrosion to which metals may be
susceptible.
Chapters 3 through 14 cover the wrought ferrous metals and alloys,
providing physical, mechanical, and corrosion-resistance properties.Typical
applications are also included for each metal or alloy. Similarly, Chapter 15
covers wrought nickel and high nickel alloys.
Chapter 16 provides a table of comparative corrosion resistance of
wrought stainless steel and high nickel alloys.
Many applications require castings.The propertiesofcastingwillvary
somewhat from the properties of the same wrought material. Chapter 17
covers the cast ferrous, nickel, and high nickel alloys.
Chapters 18 through 26 provide information on wrought and castnon-
ferrous metals and their alloys, covering the same areas as in the previous
chapters.
It is hoped that this book will provide invaluable insight to assist the
designer in the selection of the most appropriate material for a specific
application.
Philip A. Schweitzer
Contents
Preface iii
1. Physical and Mechanical Properties 1
2. Corrosion of Metallic Materials 11
3. Carbon Steel 39
4. Low-Alloy Carbon Steels 53
5. Cast Iron and Cast Steel 69
6. Introduction to Stainless Steels 87
7. Corrosion of Stainless Steels 105
v
vi Contents
8. Austenitic Stainless Steels 121
9. Superaustenitic Stainless Steels 159
10. Ferritic Stainless Steels 187
11. Superferritic Stainless Steels 201
12. Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels 209
13. Martensitic Stainless Steels 235
14. Duplex Stainless Steels 255
15. Nickel and High NickelAlloys 269
16. ComparativeCorrosionResistanceofStainlessSteeland
High NickelAlloys 325
17. Cast Stainless Steel and Nickel Base Alloys 511
18. Copper and CopperAlloys 537
19. Aluminum and AluminumAlloys 571
20. Zinc and Zinc Alloys 603
21. Titanium 627
22. Zirconium and ZirconiumAlloys 647
23. Tantalum and TantalumAlloys 667
24. Niobium (Columbium) and NiobiumAlloys 683
25. MagnesiumAlloys 691
26. Lead and Lead Alloys 695
Index 699
1
Physical and Mechanical Properties
I. INTRODUCTION
Metals have been widely used for thousands of years, commencing withthe
BronzeAgewhichtookplaceapproximately3000to100yearsBC.TheIron
Age,whichweareexperiencingtoday,presumablyreplacedtheBronzeAge.
Although we still use considerable amountsofbronze,oursteeluseismany
times greater.
Traditionally metals have been classified as ferrous and nonferrous.
The ferrous category refers to base metals of iron, while the nonferrous
metals are iron free. Ferrous alloys are used in quantities which exceed all
other metals combined.
At the present time there are available for use in excess of 45,000
different metallic alloys. Although the steels and cast irons make up the
largest use on a weight basis, the number of different nonferrous alloys
exceedthenumberofferrousalloys.Theprimarynonferrousalloysarethose
in which the base metal consists of either aluminum, copper, nickel, mag-
nesium, titanium, or zinc.
The engineer or designer is faced with the problem of material selec-
tion for his or her project. A decision must be based on information that
will permit selection of a material that will possess the necessary physical,
mechanical, and corrosion resistance properties in addition to cost consid-
erations. Cost is not only the raw material cost, but rather the finishedman-
ufacturedcostinconjunctionwithestimatedlifeofthefinishedproduct.The
raw material with the lowest cost is not necessarily the most economical
choice.
Part of the selection process necessitates the examination of the phys-
1
2 Chapter 1
ical and mechanical properties. Physical behavior deals with electrical, op-
tical, magnetic, and thermal properties. Mechanical behavior deals with the
reaction of the body to a load or force. Corrosion resistance must also be
taken into account. This applies whether the exposure is to the natural at-
mosphere, to a more aggressive atmosphere, or to physical contact with a
corrodent. The specific application will determine which of the properties
will be of greatest importance.
Physical and mechanical properties will be discussed in this chapter,
while corrosion will be discussed in Chapter 2. We will consider the prop-
erties of
1. Modulus of elasticity
2. Tensile strength
3. Yield strength
4. Elongation
5. Hardness
6. Density
7. Specific gravity
8. Specific heat
9. Thermal conductivity
10. Thermal expansion coefficient
11. Impact strength
A. ModulusofElasticity
The modulus of elasticity is a measure of a metal’s stiffness or rigidity,
which is a ratio of stress to strain of a material in the elastic region. Figure
1.1 illustrates how this property is determined; the slope of the line repre-
sents the elastic portion of the stress–strain graph (i.e., it is the stress re-
quired to produce unit strain). It is a good indication of the atom bond
strength in crystalline materials. The uniaxial modulus of elasticity is often
referred to as Young’s modulus and is represented by E. Table 1.1 lists the
moduli of some common materials.
Since the atom bond strength decreases with increasing temperature
themodulialsodecreaseastemperatureincreases.RefertoFigure1.2.Mod-
ulus has the same dimensions as stress, psi.
B. TensileStrength
Tensilestrength,alsoreferredtoasultimatetensilestrength,isthemaximum
resistance of a material to deformation in a tensile test carried to rupture.
As stress is continuously applied to a body, a point will be reached where
stress and strain are no longer related in a linear manner. In addition, if the