Metal Forming and Impact Mechanics. William Johnson Commemorative Volume

375 Pages·1985·12.312 MB·English

by  S. R. Reid (Eds.)

Pergamon Titles of Related Interest
ASHBY & BROWN Perspectives in Creep Fracture
ASHBY & JONES Engineering Materials
CARLSSON & OHLSON Mechanical Behaviour of Materials (ICM 4)
COMINS & CLARK Specialty Steels and Hard Materials
FROST & ASHBY Deformation-Mechanism Maps
GIFKINS Strength of Metals and Alloys (ICSMA 6)
HEARN Mechanics of Materials, 2nd Edition
HOPKINS & SEWELL Mechanics of Solids
HULL & BACON Introduction to Dislocations, 3rd Edition
JOHNSON et al Plane Strain Slip Line Fields for Metal
Deformation Processes
McQUEEN et al Strength of Metals and Alloys (ICSMA 7)
MILLER & SMITH Mechanical Behaviour of Materials (ICM 3)
NIKU-LARI Advances in Surface Treatments, Volumes 1 & 2
OSGOOD Fatigue Design
SIH & FRANCOIS Progress in Fracture Mechanics
VALLURI Fracture 1984 (ICF 6)
Pergamon Related Journals (Specimen Copy Gladly Sent on Request]
Acta Metallurgica
Corrosion Science
Engineering Fracture Mechanics
Fatigue of Engineering Materials and Structures
International Journal of Impact Engineering
International Journal of Machine Tool Design and Research
International Journal of Mechanical Sciences
International Journal of Solids and Structures
Journal of the Mechanics and Physics of Solids
Materials Research Bulletin
Scripta Metallurgica
WILLIAM JOHNSON, FKS
METAL FORMING
and
IMPACT MECHANICS
WILLIAM JOHNSON COMMEMORATIVE VOLUME
Edited by
s. R. REID
University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, UK
PERGAMON PRESS
OXFORD • NEW YORK • TORONTO • SYDNEY • FRANKFURT
U.K. Pergamon Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall,
Oxford 0X3 OBW, England
U.S.A. Pergamon Press Inc., Maxwell House, Fairview Park,
Elmsford, New York 10523, U.S.A.
CANADA Pergamon Press Canada Ltd., Suite 104,
150 Consumers Road, Willowdale, Ontario M2J 1P9, Canada
AUSTRALIA Pergamon Press (Aust.) Pty. Ltd., P.O. Box 544,
Potts Point, N.S.W. 2011, Australia
FEDERAL REPUBLIC Pergamon Press GmbH, Hammerweg 6,
OF GERMANY D-6242 Kronberg-Taunus, Federal Republic of Germany
Copyright © 1985 Pergamon Press Ltd.
AIJ Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in
any form or by any means: electronic, electrostatic,
magnetic tape, mechanicaJ, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
First edition 1985
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Metal forming and impact mechanics : William
Johnson commemorative volume.
1. Metal-work
I. Reid, S. R.
671.3 TS205
ISBN 0-08-031679-4
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Metal forming and impact mechanics
3. Metal-work. 2. Deformations (Mechanics)
I. Impact I. Johnson, W. (William), 1922-
II. Reid, S. R.
TS213.M385 1985 671.3 85-12292
ISBN 0-08-031679-4
Printed in Great Britain by A. Wheaton 8r Co. Ltd., Exeter
EDITORIAL

This book has been compiled to honour Professor William Johnson.

It grew out of a wish by a number of his friends, colleagues and

former students to mark several significant events which have

occured over the past few years. In 1982 Bill Johnson celebrated

his sixtietn birthday, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal

Society and ne retired from the Chair of Mechanics in the

Department of Engineering at Cambridge University. In 1983 he was

elected to the Fellowship of Engineering and in 1985 he completes

25 years as Editor-in-Chier of the International Journal of

Mechanical Sciences. in his Biographical Notes, Peter Mellow

describes Bill's education and development as an engineer and as a

scholar and indicates some of the many areas of research and

education to which he has contributed.

Bill Johnson's research output has been phenomenal as evidenced by

his list of publications which are included in this volume. What

is also apparent from a careful study of this list are the names

of a vast number of students and academic colleagues with whom he

has interacted and sparked into productive life in research. Many

of these have continued to be active and owe their start in

research to Bill's guidance, encouragement and drive. Equally

evident in this large array of publications is the wide range of

his interests including many areas of fundamental and

technological metal forming including the use of explosive,

electromagnetic and direct impact forces; plastic collapse of

structures; terminal ballistics; explosive fragmentation and

cutting; dynamic structural plasticity; explosive welding; creep;

vehicle crashworthiness; elastic impact mechanics; impact energy

absorption; powder compaction and various aspects of biomedical

engineering. Many of the puolications which have resulted from

his activities in these areas are characterised by a clarity of

presentation and an exposure of the essence of the problem under

discussion which have opened up whole fields of research into

which others have been drawn.

No compendium of papers of the length of this volume could reflect

all of Professor Johnson's interests. However, the eighteen

technical chapters, split equally between the broad headings of

metal forming and impact, give a flavour of some of the areas in

v
VI Editorial

which Bill has been and continues to be active. The aim has been

to collect a set of papers wnich reflect current work in these

major areas of research and as such the volume should be of

interest to all those active in the field of solid mechanics. The

papers include both theoretical and experimental contributions and

as such reflect the essential interplay between these two

approaches in these areas of solid mechanics which are dominated

by non-linear effects.

Bill Johnson has an international reputation and this is reflected

in the countries of origin of the various authors who have

contributed to this volume. As Editor, I wish to thank all tne

contributors for their assistance and patience and would like to

express particular thanks to Peter Mellor and Norman Jones for

their assistance in formulating the contents of the book and

during the preparation of the manuscripts for publication. Thanks

are also due to Pergamon Press for their enthusiasm in agreeing to

provide this very appropriate way of paying tribute to Bill

Johnson's contribution to research in solid mechanics.

This group of contributors is but a token of the large number of

friends, colleagues, former students and professional

acquaintances wno would, I am sure, have been happy to make

similar contributions if space had allowed them to do so. On

tneir behalf, on benalf of the contributing authors and on my own

behalf, I nope that this volume will stimulate further work in

these important areas of mechanics. If it does then it will

provide a fitting tribute to Professor Johnson.

S. R. Reid

Manchester, 1985
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Dr W Abramowicz, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research,
Warsaw, Poland
Dr J M Alexander, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
of Surrey, Guildford GU2 5XH, UK
Dr S K Ghosh, Department of Engineering, University of Aberdeen,
Aberdeen AB9 IAS, UK
Professor W Goldsmith, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Professor R Hill, Department of Applied Mathematics and
Theoretical Physics, Silver Street, Cambridge CB3 9EW, UK
Professor N Jones, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
Professor S Kobayashi, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
Dr J A Konig, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research,
Warsaw, Poland
Professor H Kudo, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yokohama
National University, Japan
Dr K Leers, Institut fur Mechanik, Universitat Hannover, FRG
Dr O Mahrenholtz, Arbeitsbereich Meerestechnik
Il/Strukturmechanik, TU Hamburg-Harburg, FRG
Dr Z Marciniak, Technical University of Warsaw, Poland
Mr J Pearson, Michelson Laboratories, Naval Weapons Center,
China Lake, California, USA
Professor S R Reid, Department of Mechanical Engineering, UMIST,
P 0 Box 88, Sackville Street, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
IX
x Contributors
Professor G W Rowe, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
Dr C Q Ru, Department of Mechanics, Peking University, Beijing,
Peoples Republic of China
Professor R Sowerby, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
Dr W J Stronge, Department of Engineering, University of
Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, UK
Professor P S Symonds, Division of Engineering, Brown University,
Providence, RI 02912, USA
Professor P S Theocaris, Section of Mechanics, Department of
Engineering Science, National Technical University of Athens,
5 Heroes of Polytechnion Avenue, Zographou, GR-157 73 Athens,
Greece
Dr F W Travis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sunderland
Polytechnic, UK
Professor R Wang, Department of Mechanics, Peking University,
Beijing, Peoples Republic of China
Dr Yong Taek Im, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University
of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
WILLIAM JOHNSON
Biographical Note
Bill Johnson was born on 20 April 1922 and spent his boyhood in
Lower Openshaw, Manchester; a time he has recalled vividly in his
Presidential Address to the Manchester Technology Association. The
family home was opposite an engraving works and an ecclesiastical
mission, the latter sent from a church in Higher Openshaw to save
the working class from sin and drink. Next to "The Mission" was a
scrap iron yard and an Italian street organ manufacturer. This
latter must surely have been a dying industry at that time and, of
course, the Openshaw of the 1930's has long since been swept away.
Bill was a constant visitor to the wire and bar drawing plant of
Richard Johnson and Nephews, where his father spent 43 years of his
life, first as a labourer and later as a foreman. Also, with other
youngsters, he often watched steam hammers at work at Vaughan's and
it is tempting to think that these early impressions constantly drew
him back in later life to Manchester and to metal forming! Although
poverty and hunger among his childhood friends were not unknown to
him he remembers a happy childhood of playing endless football with
many evenings spent in library reading rooms, although he did not
know the meaning of set homework until, at the age of 12, he entered
the Central Grammar School.
Bill's progress at grammar school was conventional, while the world
outside erupted. His twin adolescent passions were mathematics and
politics, the latter much debated with his very intelligent father.
Trade union disputes, local strikes and labour party politics were
everyday affairs. This period was also full of occasions such as
Oswald Moseley's provocative weekend meetings at Belle Vue or in
Piccadilly (Manchester) and meetings at the "Co-op" to hear J. B. S.
Haldane talk about "Aid to Spain". Some sixth formers collectively
joined Victor Gollancz's "Left Book Club" - and read some of its
output. On the 3 September 1939 the School was evacuated to Black
pool but returned to Manchester in February 1940 to await the end of
"The Phoney War".
In October 1940 Bill crossed the street from the School to enrol as
a student in mechanical engineering under Professor Wright Baker at
"Manchester Tech" where he was one of five first year honours stud
ents. The "Manchester Blitz" followed in December 1940 and he spent
much time fire-watching on the roof of the main building of the Tech
xi
Xll P. B. Mellor
or taking part in discussions in the basement shelters during air
raids. During this time he, maintained his interest in politics and
his independence of mind - he was expelled from the Socialist Society
at the Tech. largely for refusing to be Marxist and for not joining
the Young Communist League. These experiences later made him sym
pathetic to students who wished to stretch and flap their political
wings.
In 1942 C. P. Snow, in his role of Director of Personnel at the
Ministry of Labour, descended on Manchester University (and other
universities) to lecture science and engineering students about
their wartime destinies - as Light Aid Detachment commanders oper
ating in the midst of, and after, tank battles. In the event few
were called and Bill seems to have been the only one from Manchester
destined for the Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers that year.
After training (primary, pre-OCTU, OCTU, Command Workshop Service in
Bury St Edmunds and a special Tank Repair and Recovery Course) he
was shipped out as a junior officer to Italy and deposited in an
industrial complex around Naples. As a member of a Control Purchas
ing and Production Unit he had among other things to progress con
tracts, including one that was carried out in the local gaol and
managed by a prisoner serving ten years for embezzlement. He later
worked in the same way in Rome and Milan and in Austria after the
War finished. There he admired the efficiency of his German workers
compared with his British or Italian ones but, on remarking to his
Colonel that after Italy, Austria was clean, ordered and hygienic
but very dull, he was returned to Italy and spent nine months in
charge of a Tank Transportation Platoon. In effect he became fore
man of a group of 100 men who were really long distance heavy goods
drivers! He ended his army career as a Workshop Officer at Padua,
just 34 kilometres from Venice. Despite the death and destruction
around him his time in Italy turned out to be the equivalent of an
18th Century Grand Tour, where he was able to familiarise himself
with Opera in Rome, Naples, Venice and Milan and the architecture
of Assissi, Orvieto, Siena, Bologna and Florence. Cigarettes
throughout were the currency which opened museum and gallery doors.
On returning to England in 1947, and now married, he became an
Assistant Principal in the Administrative grade of the Home Civil
Service and toiled at Treasury Exchange Control Regulations and the
drafting of Purchase Tax Schedules. Younger in years than many of
his colleagues, but with more experience of life, he countered his
tedious work by becoming a part-time postgraduate student in the
History and Philosophy of Science at University College, London
after taking en route an External Degree in Mathematics.
Fascinated by the subject matter of the course, and no doubt
unsettled by the dichotomy of his life, he decided to return full-
time to the study of engineering science. His first move was to a
lectureship at Northampton Polytechnic (now City University) in
1950 - where the 20 hours of teaching per week left little time for
original work - and after 18 months to Sheffield University as a
lecturer, where he found his metier in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering under Professor H. W. Swift.
Swift at that time had two main lines of research, metal forming
and the lubrication of bearings. The metal forming research in the
department was particularly buoyant because of the presence of the
British Iron and Steel Research Association in Sheffield. Hugh Ford
was Head of the Mechanical Working Division of B I S R A from 1945-
47 and Rodney Hill the head of a new section in the Metal Flow Re
search Laboratory from 1948-50. Hill, and later his colleague, A.
P. Green, maintained close contact with the metal forming research