Table Of Content

Metal Failures Metal Failures Mechanisms, Analysis, Prevention Second Edition Arthur J. McEvily C C Coverimage:background, MichaelRutkowski;circleimages, courtesyoftheauthor Coverdesign:MichaelRutkowski Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. C Copyright 2013byJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.Allrightsreserved PublishedbyJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey PublishedsimultaneouslyinCanada Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanning,orotherwise,exceptas permittedunderSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct,withouteithertheprior writtenpermissionofthePublisher,orauthorizationthroughpaymentoftheappropriateper-copyfeeto theCopyrightClearanceCenter,222RosewoodDrive,Danvers,MA01923,(978)750-8400,fax(978) 646-8600,oronthewebatwww.copyright.com.RequeststothePublisherforpermissionshouldbe addressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ 07030,(201)748-6011,fax(201)748-6008,oronlineatwww.wiley.com/go/permissions. LimitofLiability/DisclaimerofWarranty:Whilethepublisherandauthorhaveusedtheirbesteffortsin preparingthisbook,theymakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswiththerespecttotheaccuracyor completenessofthecontentsofthisbookandspecificallydisclaimanyimpliedwarrantiesof merchantabilityorfitnessforaparticularpurpose.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbysales representativesorwrittensalesmaterials.Theadviceandstrategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitable foryoursituation.Youshouldconsultwithaprofessionalwhereappropriate.Neitherthepublishernor theauthorshallbeliablefordamagesarisingherefrom. Forgeneralinformationaboutourotherproductsandservices,pleasecontactourCustomerCare DepartmentwithintheUnitedStatesat(800)762-2974,outsidetheUnitedStatesat(317)572-3993or fax(317)572-4002. Wileypublishesinavarietyofprintandelectronicformatsandbyprint-on-demand.Somematerial includedwithstandardprintversionsofthisbookmaynotbeincludedine-booksorinprint-on-demand. IfthisbookreferstomediasuchasaCDorDVDthatisnotincludedintheversionyoupurchased,you maydownloadthismaterialathttp://booksupport.wiley.com.FormoreinformationaboutWiley products,visitwww.wiley.com. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData: McEvily,A.J. Metalfailures:mechanisms,analysis,prevention/ArthurJ.McEvily.--2ndedition. p. cm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-1-118-16396-2(cloth);ISBN978-1-118-41939-7(ebk);ISBN978-1-118-42116-1(ebk) 1.Metals--Fracture.2.Fracturemechanics.I.Title. TA460.M3822013 620.1’66--dc23 2012039445 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To Geof,Allysha,Keith,Joey,Ryan,Kyle,CourtneyandGenevaJane Contents Preface xv 1. FailureAnalysis 1 I. Introduction / 1 II. ExamplesofCaseStudiesInvolvingStructuralFailures / 6 III. Summary / 25 References / 25 Problems / 26 2. ElementsofElasticDeformation 27 I. Introduction / 27 II. Stress / 27 III. Strain / 32 IV. ElasticConstitutiveRelationships / 35 V. StateofStressAheadofaNotch / 44 VI. Summary / 46 References / 46 Appendix2-1:MohrCircleEquationsforaPlaneProblem / 46 Appendix2-2:Three-DimensionalStressAnalysis / 49 Appendix2-3:StressFormulasUnderSimpleLoadingConditions / 54 Problems / 57 vii viii CONTENTS 3. ElementsofPlasticDeformation 59 I. Introduction / 59 II. TheoreticalShearStrength / 59 III. Dislocations / 61 IV. YieldCriteriaforMultiaxialStress / 68 V. StateofStressinthePlasticZoneAheadofaNotchinPlane-Strain Deformation / 70 VI. Summary / 74 ForFurtherReading / 75 Appendix3-1:ThevonMisesYieldCriterion / 75 Problems / 76 4. ElementsofFractureMechanics 80 I. Introduction / 80 II. Griffith’sAnalysisoftheCriticalStressforBrittleFracture / 80 III. AlternativeDerivationoftheGriffithEquation / 83 IV. Orowan-IrwinModificationoftheGriffithEquation / 84 V. StressIntensityFactors / 85 VI. TheThreeLoadingModes / 88 VII. DeterminationofthePlasticZoneSize / 88 VIII. EffectofThicknessonFractureToughness / 89 IX. TheR-Curve / 91 X. ShortCrackLimitation / 92 XI. CaseStudies / 92 XII. ThePlane-StrainCrackArrestFractureToughness,KIa,ofFerritic Steels / 95 XIII. Elastic-plasticFractureMechanics / 96 XIV. FailureAssessmentDiagrams / 98 XV. Summary / 101 References / 101 Problems / 102 5. AlloysandCoatings 105 I. Introduction / 105 II. AlloyingElements / 106 III. PeriodicTable / 107