Metabolism and Interactions. The Chemistry and Biology of Compounds Containing Amino Sugars PDF
Preview Metabolism and Interactions. The Chemistry and Biology of Compounds Containing Amino Sugars
THE AMINO SUGARS The Chemistry and Biology of Compounds Containing Amino Sugars EDITED BY ROGER W. JEANLOZ and ENDRE A. BALAZS Volume IA Chemistry of Amino Sugars Volume IB Glycosaminoglycans, Glycoproteins, and Glycosaminolipids Volume IIA Distribution and Biological Role Volume MB Metabolism and Interactions THE AMINO SUGARS The Chemistry and Biology of Compounds Containing Amino Sugars VOLUME IIB METABOLISM AND INTERACTIONS EDITED BY ENDRE A. BALAZS and ROGER W. JEANLOZ Institute of Biological and Harvard Medical School and Medical Sciences-Retina Foundation and Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts Boston, Massachusetts 1966 ® ACADEMIC PRESS New York and London COPYRIGHT © 1966, BY ACADEMIC PRESS INC. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. NO PART OF THIS BOOK MAY BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM, BY PHOTOSTAT, MICROFILM, OR ANY OTHER MEANS, WITHOUT WRITTEN PERMISSION FROM THE PUBLISHERS. ACADEMIC PRESS INC. Ill Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10003 United Kingdom Edition published by ACADEMIC PRESS INC. (LONDON) LTD. Berkeley Square House, London W.l LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOG CARD NUMBER: 62-13092 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS Numbers in parentheses refer to the pages on which the authors' contributions begin. ENDRE A. BALAZS (229, 361), Department of Connective Tissue Research, Institute of Biological and Medical Sciences, Retina Foundation; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts PETER BERNFELD (213, 251), Bio-Research Institute, Cambridge, Massa chusetts HARRY BOSTRÖM (45), Department of Metabolic Research, The Wenner- Gren Institute, University of Stockholm, and the Department of Medicine, Serafimerlasarettet, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden EUGENE A. DAVIDSON (1), Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina K. S. DODGSON (201), Department of Biochemistry, University of Wales, Cardiff, Wales HEINZ GIBIAN (181), Schering AG, Berlin, Germany ALFRED GOTTSCHALK (337), Max-Planck-Institut für Virusforschung, Tubingen, West Germany BERNARD JACOBSON (361), Department of Connective Tissue Research, Institute of Biological and Medical Sciences, Retina Foundation, Boston, Massachusetts MAX E. RAFELSON, JR. (171), Department of Biochemistry, Presbyterian- St. Luke's Hospital, and the University of Illinois College of Medi cine, Chicago, Illinois LENNART RODEN (45), La Rabida-University of Chicago Institute, and the Department of Biochemistry, The University of Chicago, Chi cago, Illinois MICHAEL SCHNEIR (171), Department of Biochemistry, Presbytenan- St. Luke's Hospital, and the University of Illinois College of Medi cine, Chicago, Illinois VI List of Contributors GEORG F. SPRINGER (267), Department of Immunochemistry Research, Evanston Hospital Association and Department of Microbiology, Northwestern University Medical School, Evanston, Illinois LARS SUNDBLAD (229), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Södersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden J. A. SZIRMAI (129), Research Laboratories, Department of Rheuma tology, University Hospital, Leiden, The Netherlands PETER G. WALKER (155), The Institute of Orthopaedics, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, England VANNIE W. WILSON, JR. (171), Department of Biochemistry, Presbyter- ian-St. Luke's Hospital, and the University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois IKUO YAMASHINA (81), Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto Uni versity, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto, Japan PREFACE The rapid increase of knowledge in the field of amino sugar-contain ing compounds has inspired this treatise. It was felt that a summary of the present knowledge, with a comprehensive review of the literature, prepared by scientists currently working in this field, would provide a starting point for the newcomer to the field and would also serve the expert in the broadening of his interest. The purpose of this treatise is twofold: (1) to survey the chemistry, physical chemistry, and biochemistry of all naturally occurring and synthetically prepared amino sugars and amino sugar-containing mole cules and (2) to present a critical and interpretative account of the biological and medical importance of these molecules. The broad scope of the work has resulted in a progressive extension of the subject into diverse areas, including such fields as protein, carbohydrate, and lipid chemistry, immunochemistry, histochemistry, bacteriology, virology, and pathology. It is hoped that this first attempt to present a comprehensive and integrated account of this excitingly expanding field of knowledge will serve as a valuable tool for research and teaching, extending, in its usefulness, well beyond the main subject matter. The organization of this treatise was dictated by the systematic treatment of this broad subject. Volume IA (Chapters 1-5) is devoted to the chemistry of amino sugars, including oligosaccharides, nucleotide derivatives, and glycosides of amino sugars. Volume IB (Chapters 6-17) presents the chemical and physicochemical structure of amino sugar- containing polysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans), peptides (glycopep- tides), proteins (glycoproteins), and lipids (glycolipids), and the methods for their isolation, determination, and histochemical localization. Volume IIA (Chapters 18-37) deals with the distribution and biological role of amino sugars and amino sugar-containing macromolecules in plants and animals. The present volume was prepared with two main purposes in mind. One was to review the metabolism of the amino sugars and the amino sugar moieties of macromolecules. Not only are the biosynthetic processes presented in detail, but also the degradation of these macromolecules by enzymes, oxidation-reduction systems, and radiation. Inasmuch as this treatise is focused on amino sugars, the biosynthetic and degradation processes which involve the protein, peptide, or lipid part of the macro molecules are not reviewed. vii viii Preface The second purpose of this volume is to review the interaction of amino sugars, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins, and glycolipids with other macromolecules, as well as with viruses, cells, and the whole organism. This objective presented the editors with the difficult task of carefully selecting the subjects to be included. Several amino sugar- containing macromolecules are involved in biological processes and pharmacological reactions of great importance, such as the blood-group reactions of some glycoproteins and the prevention of blood coagulation by heparin; a review of all the biological and pharmacological aspects of these interactions would, however, have needed several additional volumes and would have led to an undesirable dilution of the main theme. The editors, therefore, decided to cover the pharmacological aspects of the interaction of amino sugars and their compounds only superficially and to refer the reader to recent reviews dealing with the subject in detail. The editors regret that the present volume, which represents the last in the series of four comprising this treatise, is only the second to appear in print. The delay of the publication of Volumes IA and IB has been caused by the rapid growth of the field and the subsequent compelling desire of the editors and authors to incorporate this never-ending expan sion of knowledge in a systematic and comprehensive way. In the Preface to Volume IIA, the editors recorded their appreciation for the cooperation and patience of the contributors to this treatise. It is appropriate to reiterate our thanks to the sixteen authors of the fourteen chapters of Volume IIB who had not only the difficult chore of reviewing a prolific field but often the pioneering task of canvassing and compiling the literature according to new points of view. ENDRE A. BALAZS ROGER W. JEANLOZ Boston, Massachusetts January, 1966 NOMENCLATURE The nomenclature used in this volume is identical to that used in Volume IIA of this treatise. In order to avoid repetition, the reader is referred, for details, to "A Guide to the Nomenclature" on page xiii of Volume IIA of The Amino Sugars. For immediate accessibility, some old terms and the few new ones are listed below. Chondroitin 4-sulfate — formerly called chondroitin sulfate A Chondroitin 6-sulfate — formerly called chondroitin sulfate C Dermatan sulfate — formerly called chondroitin sulfate B Galactosaminoglycans — polysaccharides that contain galactosamine Glucosaminoglycans — polysaccharides that contain glucosamine Glycoproteins — proteins that contain sugars Glycosaminoglycans — polysaccharides that contain amino sugars Glycosaminoglycuronans — polysaccharides that contain amino sugars and uronic acid moieties Glycosaminolipids — lipids that contain amino sugars Heparan sulfate — formerly called heparitin sulfate Keratan sulfate — formerly called keratosulfate CONTENTS OF OTHER VOLUMES VOLUME IA Chemistry of Amino Sugars Edited by ROGER W. JEANLOZ D. Hort on: Monosaccharide Amino Sugars Gunnar Blix and Roger W. Jeanloz : Sialic Acids and Muramic Acid H. H. Baer: Oligosaccharides J. Strominger: Nucleotide Derivatives of Amino Sugars R. U. Lemieux: Naturally Occurring Glycosides of Amino Sugars with Anti biotic Activity Bibliography and Author Index; Subject Index VOLUME IB Glycosaminoglyccins, Glycoproteins, and Glycosaminolipids Edited by ROGER W. JEANLOZ and ENDRE A. BALAZS PART I Sven Gardell : Isolation and Separation of Glycosaminoglycans Roger W. Jeanloz and Nathan Sharon : Chemical Structure of Glycosamino glycans T. C. Laurent and John Scott: Physical Structure of Glycosaminoglycans PART II Glycopeptides and Glycoproteins Nathan Sharon: Glycopeptides from Bacterial Cell Wall Karl Schmid : Glycoproteins from Blood Plasma J. Montreuil : Glycoproteins from Various Tissues and Tissue Fluids L. Odin and I. Werner: Glycoproteins from Epithelial Secretions David Aminoff: Glycoproteins with Blood-Group Specificity PART III Glycosaminolipids E. Lederer: Glycosaminolipids from Gram-positive Bacteria 0. Westphal and O. Lüderitz: Glycosaminolipids from Gram-negative Bacteria E. Klenk: Glycosaminolipids from Higher Plants and from Animals PART IV Methods of Determination and Localization Sven Gardell: Separation and Determination of H exosamines, Sialic Acids, and Muramic Acid Endre A. Balazs: Histochemistry of Amino Sugar-Containing Compounds Bibliography and Author Index; Subject Index xvi! xviii Contents of Other Volumes VOLUME MA Distribution and Biological Role Edited by ENDRE A. BALAZS and ROGER W. JEANLOZ Nathan Sharon: Distribution of Amino Sugars in Microorganisms, Plants, and Invertebrates Robert G. Spiro: Amino Sugars and Macromolecules Containing Amino Sugars in Liver Robert G. Spiro: Amino Sugars and Macromolecules Containing Amino Sugars in Kidney Norman F. Boas: Amino Sugar-Containing Compounds in Urine Zacharias Dische: Amino Sugar-Containing Compounds in Mucuses and in Mucous Membranes I. Werner and L. Odin: Glycoproteins in Salivary Glands, Saliva, and Sputum R. H. Pearce: Glycosaminoglycans and Glycoproteins in Skin B. Sylvén: Amino Sugar-Containing Compounds in Tumors I. Werner and L. Odin: Amino Sugar-Containing Compounds in Patho logical Effusions Nils R. Ringertz: Glycosaminoglycans in Mast Cells and in Mast-Cell Tumors J. A. Szirmai: Glycosaminoglycans in Umbilical Cord Lars Sundblad: Glycosaminoglycans and Glycoproteins in Synovial Fluid J. A. Szirmai: Glycosaminoglycans in the Connective Tissue of the Electric Organ Maxwell Schubert and David Hamerman: Amino Sugar-Containing Compounds in Cartilage, Tendon, and Intervertébral Disc E. A. Balazs and H. J. Rogers: The Amino Sugar-Containing Compounds in Bones and Teeth Helen Muir: Glycosaminoglycans and Glycoproteins in Blood-Vessel Walls Richard J. Winzler: Glycoproteins and Glycosaminoglycans in Plasma and in Some Other Body Fluids Sen-itiroh Hakomori: Substances Containing Amino Sugars in Blood Cells and in Hemopoietic Organs Lars Svennerholm: Glycolipids and Other Amino Sugar-Containing Com pounds in the Nervous System E. A. Balazs: Amino Sugar-Containing Macromolecules in the Tissues of the Eye and the Ear Bibliography and Author Index; Subject Index
The list of books you might like
