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Metabolic Turnover in the Nervous System PDF

412 Pages·1971·11.59 MB·English
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HANDBOOK OF NEUROCHEMISTRY VOLUME V METABOLIe TURNOVER IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM PARTB HANDBOOK OF NEUROCHEMISTRY Edited by Abel Lajtha Volume I Chemieal Arehiteeture of the Nervous System Volume II Struetural Neuroehemistry Volume III Metabolie Reaetions in the Nervous System Volume IV Control Mechanisms in the Nervous System Volume V Metabolie Turnover in the Nervous System Part A: Chapters 1·12 Part B: Chapters 13·21 Volume VI Alterations of Chemieal Equilibrium in the Nervous System Volume VII Pathologieal Chemistry of the Nervous System HANDBOOI( OF NEUROCHEMISTRY Edited by Abel Lajtha N ew Y ork State Research Institute for N eurochemistry and Drug Addiction Ward's Island New York, New York VOLUMEV METABOUCTURNOVER IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM PARTB g:>PLENUM PRESS· NEW YORK-LONDON· 1971 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 68.28097 ISBN 978-1-4615-7171-1 ISBN 978-1-4615-7169-8 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4615-7169-8 © 1971 Plenum Press, New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1971 A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 227 West 17th Street, New York, N.Y.lOOll United Kingdom edition published by Plenum Press, London A Division of Plenum Publishing Company, Ltd. Davis House (4th Floor), 8 Scrubs Lane, Harlesden, NWlO 6SE, London, England All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form without written permission from the publisher Contributors to this volume: William A. Brodsky Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai Medical and Graduate Schools of the City University of New Y ork, New York (pages 645 and 683) R. R. Fritz Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (page 439) Robert L. Herrmann Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts (page 481) A. Lajtha New York State Research Institute for Neuro- chemistry and Drug Addiction, Ward's Island, New York (pages 49 and 551) N. Marks New York State Research Institute for Neuro- chemistry and Drug Addiction, Ward's Island, New York (pages 49 and 551) A. V. Palladin Institute of Biochemistry of the Ukrainian Academy of Science, Kiev, U .S.S.R. (page 489) N. M. Poljakova Institute of Biochemistry of the Ukrainian Academy ofScience, Kiev, U .S.S.R. (page 489) D. A. Rappoport Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (page 439) Isaac Schenkein Irvington House Institute, Department of Medi- eine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York (page 503) Irving L. Schwartz Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai Medical and Graduate Schools of the City University of New Y ork, and The Medical Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York (pages 645 and 683) v W. N. Scott The Departments of Physiology, Biophysics, and Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai Medical and Graduate Schools of the City University of New Y ork, New Y ork; The Institute for Medical Research and Studies, New York, New Yark; and The Medical Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New Y ork (page 683) Adil E. Shamoo Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Mount Sinai Medical and Graduate Schools of the City University of New Y ork (page 645) J. R. Smythies Department of Psychiatry, University of Edin- burgh, and Neuroscience Program, University of Alabama (page 631) Louis Sokoloff Section on Developmental Neurochemistry, Laboratory of Cerebra I Metabolism, National Institute of Mental H~alth, United States Depart- ment of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service, Bethesda, Maryland (page 525) H. R. Wyssbrod The Departments of Physiology, Biophysics, and Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai Medical and Graduate Schools of the City University of New Y ork, New Y ork; The Institute far Medical Research and Studies, New York, New Y ork; and The Medical Research Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York (page 683) S. Yamagami Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (page 439) vi PREFACE Volume V deals with the problems of turnover in the nervous system. "Turnover" is defined in different ways, and the term is used in different contexts. It is used rather broadly in the present volume, and intentionally so. The turnover of macromolecules is only one aspect; here "turnover" in- dicates the simultaneous and coordinated formation and breakdown of macromolecular species. The complexities of cerebral protein turnover are shown in aseparate chapter dealing with the synthesis ofproteins, in another on breakdown, and in still another on the relationship ofthese two (showing how the two halves of turnover are controlled). The fact that most likely the two halves of protein turnover, synthesis and breakdown, are separated spatially and the mechanisms involved are different further emphasizes the complexity of macromolecular turnover. "Turnover" is used in a different context when the turnover of a cycle is discussed; but he re again a number of complex metabolic reactions have to be interrelated and controlled; some such cycles are discussed briefly in this volume, additional cycles have been discussed with metabolism, and some cycles still await elucidation or discovery. A different type of reaction which can also be interpreted as "turnover" is the exchange of a compound in the brain for another identical or similar one from outside this tissue, with no prior metabolic transformation of the compound to be replaced. Replacement via exchange involves processes of diffusion and transport; these are also treated in the present volume, along with a fairly detailed theoretical background for them, since they have special importance in the nervous system, which represents perhaps the highest complexity of membran es and is perhaps the richest in membrane structures among all the organs. Other subjects discussed in Volume V are processes ,that often are not strictly considered part of the processes of turnover, such as hormonal factors affecting metabolism, growth, and development. Some years ago the question could be asked whether there is turnover ofthe major components ofthe nervous system, especially because this organ functions as storage of memory. Since it is a depository for information of a permanent nature, it would not be unreasonable to ass urne that most of its structures are permanent. More recent studies, so me ofwhich are reviewed in the present volume, have shown, however, that not only does metabolic activity of all kinds proceed with great rapidity and intensity in the nervous vii viii Preface system, but the turnover of most compounds occurs at fairly high rates, so that one can assume that only a very small portion ofthis organ is permanent. What portion of this activity-turnover, metabolism, exchange, etc.- is specific for the brain and not present in other organs is a difficult question to answer at the present time, although there are a number of compounds and perhaps specific metabolic reactions that are present only in nervous structures and no other elements in the organism. Certainly most com- ponents and most reactions present in the brain are also present in other organs; this perhaps shows the unity of life processes. A somewhat more pertinent question, and one that is easier to answer, is whether the processes that one can study in nervous tissues are the ones responsible for the function of the brain. The more we learn about the nervous system, the more we find that its functions, its control processes, and its malfunctions can be under- stood in terms of biology and thai the reactions that are described in the present volume have a great deal to do with the requirements and functions ofthe nervous system. As perhaps also in other areas, the more we know, the better we understand, the more remains to be found out and understood. This, however, should not-and, I am sure, does not-in any way discourage present and future workers in this field. What is really shown here is that even formidable problems are not unapproachable and their solution will not escape us forever. The rapid growth of investigations in this area clearly emphasizes that the hope of understanding and the importance of acquiring knowledge in this area are recognized increasingly by many. Abel Lajtha New York, New York July 1971 CONTENTS OF PART B Chapter 13 Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 by D. A. Rappoport, R. R. Fritz, and S. Yamagami I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439 11. Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 A. Early Differentiation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442 III. Changes in DNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 IV. Changes in RNA . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444 V. Changes in Protein . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 449 VI. Myelination......................................... 456 VII. Hormones.......................................... 462 A. Thyroxine and Growth Hormone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 B. Other Hormones ....................... . . . . . . . . . . 465 VIII. Nutrition........................................... 466 IX. Interpretation of Gene Activation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 468 X. References.......................................... 471 Chapter 14 Aging .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 by Robert L. Herrmann I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 11. Morphology of Aging Brain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 A. Histological Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481 B. Alterations in Subcellular Constituents .............. 481 III. Metabolism of Aging Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 A. Nucleoprotein Changes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 B. Alterations in Other Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483 C. Alteration in Specific Enzyme Levels ...... . . . . . . . . . . 484 D. Accumulation of Certain Tissue Components . . . . .. . . . . 485 IV. Possible Mechanisms of Aging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485 V. References.......................................... 486 ix

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