Metabolic Ecology: A Scaling Approach

393 Pages·10.562 MB·English

Metabolic Ecology
Cover image
Photograph of a Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) by
D. Costa. Drawings and photographs of organisms courtesy of
R. Beckett, S. R. Jennings and J. H. Nichols.
COMPANION WEBSITE
This book is accompanied by a companion website:
www.wiley.com/go/sibly/metabolicecology
With figures and tables from the book for downloading,
together with updates and additional resources
M e ta b o l i c
E c o l o g y
A Scaling Approach
Edited by Richard M. Sibly, James H. Brown,
and Astrid Kodric-Brown
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
This edition fi rst published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Contents
Notes on contributors, vii 7 Population and community ecology, 77
NICK J.B. ISAAC, CHRIS CARBONE,
Preface, xiv AND BRIAN MCGILL
8 Predator–prey relations and food webs, 86
Introduction: Metabolism as the basis for a theoretical OWEN L. PETCHEY AND JENNIFER A. DUNNE
unifi cation of ecology, 1
JAMES H. BROWN, RICHARD M. SIBLY, 9 Ecosystems, 99
AND ASTRID KODRIC-BROWN KRISTINA J. ANDERSON-TEIXEIRA
AND PETER M. VITOUSEK
PART I FOUNDATIONS, 7 10 Rates of metabolism and evolution, 112
JOHN L. GITTLEMAN AND
1 Methodological tools, 9 PATRICK R. STEPHENS
ETHAN P. WHITE, XIAO XIAO, NICK J. B. ISAAC,
AND RICHARD M. SIBLY 11 Biodiversity and its energetic and thermal
controls, 120
2 The metabolic theory of ecology and its central DAVID STORCH
equation, 21
JAMES H. BROWN AND RICHARD M. SIBLY
3 Stoichiometry, 34 PART II SELECTED ORGANISMS AND
MICHAEL KASPARI TOPICS, 133
4 Modeling metazoan growth and ontogeny, 48 12 Microorganisms, 135
ANDREW J. KERKHOFF JORDAN G. OKIE
5 Life history, 57 13 Phytoplankton, 154
RICHARD M. SIBLY ELENA LITCHMAN
6 Behavior, 67 14 Land plants: new theoretical directions and
APRIL HAYWARD, JAMES F. GILLOOLY, empirical prospects, 164
AND ASTRID KODRIC-BROWN BRIAN J. ENQUIST AND LISA PATRICK BENTLEY
v
vi Contents
15 Marine invertebrates, 188 22 Conservation biology, 271
MARY I. O’CONNOR AND JOHN F. BRUNO ALISON G. BOYER AND WALTER JETZ
16 Insect metabolic rates, 198 23 Climate change, 280
JAMES S. WATERS AND JON F. HARRISON KRISTINA J. ANDERSON-TEIXEIRA,
FELISA A. SMITH, AND S. K. MORGAN ERNEST
17 Terrestrial vertebrates, 212
WILLIAM KARASOV 24 Beyond biology, 293
MELANIE E. MOSES AND STEPHANIE FORREST
18 Seabirds and marine mammals, 225
DANIEL P. COSTA AND SCOTT A. SHAFFER 25 Synthesis and prospect, 302
JAMES H. BROWN, RICHARD M. SIBLY,
19 Parasites, 234 AND ASTRID KODRIC-BROWN
RYAN F. HECHINGER, KEVIN D. LAFFERTY,
AND ARMAND M. KURIS
Glossary, 306
20 Human ecology, 248
MARCUS J. HAMILTON, OSKAR BURGER, References, 309
AND ROBERT S. WALKER
Index, 361
PART III PRACTICAL
APPLICATIONS, 259
21 Marine ecology and fi sheries, 261
SIMON JENNINGS, KEN H. ANDERSEN,
AND JULIA L. BLANCHARD
COMPANION WEBSITE
This book is accompanied by a companion website:
www.wiley.com/go/sibly/metabolicecology
With figures and tables from the book for downloading,
together with updates and additional resources
Notes on
contributors
Ken H. Andersen is a pro fessor Lisa Patrick Bentley is
in theoretical marine ecology currently an NSF post-
at the National Institute of doctoral fellow at the
Aquatic Resources at the University of Arizona.
Technical University of She works on extending
Denmark. He studies how the metabolic scaling theory
marine ecosystem responds to to account for additional
perturbations, in particular aspects of plant hydraulics, xylem function, and
fi shing, using size - spectrum carbon fl ux. Her aim is to integrate key plant physio-
models and metabolic argu- logical processes that affect ecosystem - level dynamics.
ments. ttp://ken.haste.dk Her approach addresses an increasing need for predic-
tive models that scale from the leaf to globe in order
to inform future research and government policy
Kristina J. Anderson - Teixeira decisions.
received her PhD in Biology
under James H. Brown and Julia Blanchard is a Lecturer
also studied under Marcy E. in the Department of Animal
Litvak at the University of and Plant Sciences at the
New Mexico. She is currently University of Sheffi eld and an
working as a postdoctoral Honorary Research Fellow of
research associate with Evan Imperial College London. Julia
H. DeLucia at the University of teaches and researches both
Illinois. Her research focuses on understanding how the fundamental and applied
climate shapes terrestrial ecosystems, quantifying the ecology of marine populations, communities, and
climate regulation services of terrestrial ecosystems, ecosystems. Her current research involves linking mac ro-
and applying knowledge of ecosystem – climate interac- ecology, food webs and fi sheries ecology to inform
tions to inform land - use decisions in an era of climate marine ecosystem management. www.sheffi eld.ac.uk/
change. aps/staff-and-students/acadstaff/blanchard-julia
vii
viii Notes on contributors
Alison Boyer is a Research Chris Carbone works at the
Assistant Professor in the Institute of Zoology, Zoological
Department of Ecology asd Society of London, Regent ’ s
Evolutionary Biology at the Park, and is interested in
University of Tennessee. She understanding drivers of
uses ecological informatics and species distributions and
the fossil record to examine abundance. His work focuses
community ecology and extinction risk in island birds. particularly on the role of
She is also engaged in research at broader scales to body size and consumer – resource relationships in
examine processes governing biological diversity. shaping organism ecology and population processes,
http://eeb.bio.utk.edu/boyer/index.html and he is developing a fondness for dinosaurs.
James H. Brown is Distin- Daniel Costa is a Distinguished
guished Professor of Biology Professor of Ecology and Evo-
at the University of New lutionary Biology at the Uni-
Mexico, Albuquerque. He led versity of California at Santa
the development of the Meta- Cruz. He research focuses on
bolic Theory of Ecology on the ecology and physiology of
which this book is largely marine mammals and sea-
based. He has a long history of birds. He has worked in almost
research in biogeography and every habitat from the Galapa-
macroecology, taking a large - scale statistical approach gos to the Antarctic with a broad range of animals
to questions about abundance, distribution, and diver- including penguins, albatross, seals, sea lions, whales,
sity. http://biology.unm.edu/jhbrown/index.shtml and dolphins. http://bio.research.ucsc.edu/people/
costa/
John Bruno is a marine
ecologist in the Depart- Jennifer Dunne is a Professor
ment of Biology at the at the Santa Fe Institute
University of North Caro- ( www.santafe.edu ) and Co -
lina at Chapel Hill. His Director of the Pacifi c Ecoin-
research is focused on formatics and Computational
marine biodiversity, coral Ecology Lab ( www.foodwebs.
reef ecology and conservation and the impacts of org ). Her research seeks to
climate change on marine ecosystems. John earned his identify fundamental patterns
PhD in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology from Brown and principles of ecological
University and was a postdoctoral fellow in disease network structure, robustness,
ecology at Cornell University. www.brunolab.net and dynamics at multiple spatial and temporal scales.
Oskar Burger is a Postdoctoral
Fellow at the Max Planck Insti-
tute for Demographic Research.
He has many interests in both
the social and natural sciences
centered around understanding
large - scale evolutionary con-
straints on human/primate life history. His latest
projects include the evolution of the post - reproductive
lifespan, cross- species primate mortality patterns, life -
history invariants across the tree of life, and the effects
of variation in energy consumption on human
demographics.
Notes on contributors ix
B rian Enquist is a Professor in Jamie Gillooly is an Assistant
the Department of Ecology Professor of Biology at the
and Evolutionary Biology at University of Florida. Jamie
the University of Arizona played a primary role in devel-
( www.salvias.net/∼ brian ). He oping the Metabolic Theory
uses physiological, theoretical, of Ecology, and is currently
computational, and informat- working to extend these
ics approaches in order to dis- energy - based models in new
cover general principles that directions. Current projects
shape the: (i) origin of biological scaling laws; (ii) include the study of animal communication, animal
scaling of plant functional traits to ecology and evolu- migration, and aging and disease. In addition, Jamie
tion; and (iii) origin and maintenance of functional has been working to foster collaboration between
and phylogenetic diversity. He addresses these ques- artists and scientists as a “ scholar - in - residence ” in the
tions in tropical forests and alpine ecosystems. School of Fine Arts and Art History at the University
of Florida.
S. K. Morgan Ernest is an
Associate Professor in the John Gittleman is Dean and
Department of Biology at Utah Professor of Ecology in the
State University. She teaches Odum School of Ecology at the
courses on Animal Community University of Georgia where
Ecology, Macroecology, and he teaches Macroecology and
non - majors courses in Biology. Conservation Ecology. His
While she has been involved in research interests are large -
research spanning from life - scale ecological and evolution-
history theory to paleoecology, ary problems, specifi cally
she is particularly interested in related to speciation, extinc-
how energetic constraints impact the structure and tion, and global biodiversity.
dynamics of communities. http://ernestlab.weecology. http://blackbear.ecology.uga.edu/gittleman/
org
Marcus Hamilton is a Postdoc-
Stephanie Forrest is Professor toral Fellow at the Santa Fe
of Computer Science, Univer- Institute and an Adjunct Pro-
sity of New Mexico, and Exter- fessor of Anthropology at the
nal Professor of the Santa Fe University of New Mexico. His
institute. Her research studies research focuses on general
adaptive systems, including im- principles that drive the struc-
munology, evolutionary com- ture, dynamics, and diversity
putation, biological modeling, of human societies in the past, present, and future,
and computer security. http:// integrating perspectives from across the social, biologi-
www.cs.unm.edu/∼ forrest/ cal, and physical sciences. http://www.unm.edu/∼
marcusj/home.htm
x Notes on contributors
J on F. Harrison is a Professor Simon Jennings is a Principal
in the School of Life Sciences Scientist at the Centre for
at Arizona State University Environment, Fisheries and
where he teaches a variety of Aquaculture Science,
courses in biology and physiol- Lowestoft, and Professor of
ogy. His research focuses on Environmental Science at the
environmental and ecological University of East Anglia. His
physiology of insects. http:// research focuses on assessing
jharrison.faculty.asu.edu the sustainability of human
and environmental impacts
on marine populations, com-
munities, and ecosystems as well as developing and
April Hayward is a Postdoctoral applying tools to support marine environmental
Associate at the University of management.
Florida whose research ulti-
mately focuses on understand- Walter Jetz is Associate Profes-
ing how complex biological sor in the Ecology and Evolu-
systems emerged from a prebi- tionary Biology Department
otic soup. Current efforts at Yale University. Using
toward this end center on mostly terrestrial vertebrates
understanding the fl ow and and plants as study systems,
retention of matter and energy his inter disciplinary research
through different levels of biological organization. draws on elements of biogeog-
raphy, community ecology, landscape ecology, macr-
Ryan Hechinger is a research oecology, global change ecology, evolution, comparative
scientist at the University of biology, biodiversity informatics, and conservation,
California, Santa Barbara. He aiming to integrate across scales of geography and eco-
has three overarching and logical organization – from local to global assemblages.
related research goals. One is http://www.yale.edu/jetz/
to evaluate the importance
of parasites in ecosystems. William Karasov is Professor in
Another is to use parasites to test the Department of Forest and
and refi ne general ecological Wildlife Ecology at University of
and evolutionary theory. The Wisconsin - Madison, where he
third is to “ keep it real.” http:// teaches Animal Physiological
www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/∼ hechinge/ Ecology. He researches digestive
physiology, nutritional ecology,
Nick Isaac works at the animal energetics, and ecotoxi-
Natural Environment Research cology of vertebrates. http://
Council’ s Centre for Ecology forestandwildlifeecology.wisc.
and Hydrology in Wallingford, edu/facstaff/karasov.html
Oxfordshire, on questions about
species’ distribution and abun-
dance over large scales, using
data on mammals, insects, and
birds. Of particular interest is
the relative contribution of intrinsic biological traits
and extrinsic environmental drivers in shaping biodi-
versity, and how these patterns change at different
spatial, temporal, and taxonomic scales.