Metabolic Basis of Obesity PDF
Preview Metabolic Basis of Obesity
Metabolic Basis of Obesity Rexford S. Ahima Editor Metabolic Basis of Obesity Editor Rexford S. Ahima Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, and the Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 415 Curie Boulevard, 712A Clinical Research Building, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA [email protected] ISBN 978-1-4419-1606-8 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-1607-5 DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1607-5 Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London Library of Congress Control Number: 2010937648 © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) This book is dedicated to my family, mentors, colleagues and trainees, who have all contributed to my professional and scientific development. I am especially thankful to Grace, FAS, OH, Dedaa, Osei, Opare and Patrick, for making this and other endeavors worthwhile. Preface Overweight, defined as body-mass index (BMI) greater than 25, and obesity, defined as BMI greater than 30, are characterized by excessive fat accumulation which poses adverse risks to health. Worldwide, there are more than one billion overweight and 300 million obese adults. Obesity is a major risk factor for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, sleep apnea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, arthritis, can- cer and other diseases, and has been associated with enormous health costs, prema- ture death, reduction in the quality of life and disability. The increasing global incidence of child obesity is also a major concern. The obesity epidemic is not just a problem for industrialized societies. Indeed, obesity rates have risen three times or more over the past two decades in some developing countries. Although the growing obesity epidemic undoubtedly reflects profound changes in diet and life- style over recent decades, genetic factors are important in determining a person’s susceptibility to weight gain and adverse health consequences of obesity. The goal of this book is to highlight the pathophysiolgy of obesity and associ- ated diseases. While a completely comprehensive discussion of the metabolic basis of obesity is beyond the scope of this book, we present in-depth reviews of a wide range of topics, including energy homeostasis and intermediary metabolism, adipo- cyte biology, central neuronal pathways, adipokines, cytokines, classical hormones, abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism, and dysregulation of major organs, with an emphasis on human obesity. We believe these topics will be interesting and provide critical information on the metabolic basis of obesity to researchers, clinicians, students, and the public at large. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA Rexford S. Ahima vii Contents 1 Principles of Human Energy Metabolism ............................................. 1 Jose Galgani and Eric Ravussin 2 Intermediary Metabolism of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat ....................................................................................... 25 Keith Tornheim and Neil B. Ruderman 3 Adipose Tissue Development, Structure and Function ....................... 53 Jaswinder K. Sethi and Antonio J. Vidal-Puig 4 Adipokines in Health and Disease ......................................................... 69 Rexford S. Ahima and Marcus D. Goncalves 5 Neural Control of Feeding and Energy Homeostasis........................... 89 Emilie Caron and Rexford S. Ahima 6 Gastrointestinal Hormones and Obesity ............................................... 109 Yan Wang and Efi Kokkotou 7 Genes and Human Obesity ..................................................................... 127 R. Arlen Price 8 Classical Hormones Linked to Obesity ................................................. 139 Hyeong-Kyu Park and Rexford S. Ahima 9 Inflammation and Adipose Dysfunction ............................................... 155 Rachana Shah and Muredach P. Reilly 10 Insulin Resistance in the Metabolic Syndrome .................................... 175 Sudha B. Biddinger and Brice Emanuelli ix
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