Mesothelioma: From Research to Clinical Practice PDF
Preview Mesothelioma: From Research to Clinical Practice
Mesothelioma From Research to Clinical Practice Giovanni Luca Ceresoli Emilio Bombardieri Maurizio D’Incalci Editors 123 Mesothelioma Giovanni Luca Ceresoli Emilio Bombardieri • Maurizio D’Incalci Editors Mesothelioma From Research to Clinical Practice Editors Giovanni Luca Ceresoli Emilio Bombardieri Department of Medical Oncology Scientific Direction Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital Humanitas Gavazzeni Hospital Bergamo Bergamo Italy Italy Maurizio D'Incalci Department of Oncology Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milano Italy ISBN 978-3-030-16883-4 ISBN 978-3-030-16884-1 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16884-1 © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Foreword This book is a comprehensive—and therefore welcome—text dealing with one of the most malignant tumors, mesothelioma, fortunately relatively rare. The cause of this tumor, as stated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), is asbestos, a generic name for a family of magnesium or other minerals and fibrous silicate minerals. In fact asbestos, which is made up of fibers, can be divided into serpentine and amphibole structures. Chrysotile is a serpentine type of asbestos with magnesium as the main ele- ment, while the group of amphiboles includes crocidolite, amosite, antho- phyllite, tremolite, and actinolite. In addition to magnesium, the components may also include calcium, iron, and/or sodium. There are other fibers besides asbestos that can induce mesotheliomas, such as erionite belonging to the zeolite family, found in three villages in southeast Turkey. Some studies suggest that predisposition to the develop- ment of erionite mesothelioma is genetically transmitted as an autosomal dominant characteristic. The possible relation between cosmetic talc and mesothelioma is still debated. However, in several cases the products utilized are made up of a mixture of components. In nature, asbestos is present in various areas of the world. For instance, chrysotile is predominant in Quebec (Canada) and in the Ural Mountains (Russia), and much less in Italy. In South Africa, crocidolite and amosite are predominant while in Finland there are deposits of anthophyllite. The production of the various forms of asbestos increased 80,000 times over the course of a century (1880–1980), reaching the figure of four million tons per year. Given its resistance to heat and its insulation properties, asbestos has been employed for a wide variety of industrial products: from textile man- ufacturing to cement products, construction, and insulation for steam engines. The widespread use of asbestos products results in the presence of mineral fibers in the lungs of the general population to a greater extent than in the rural population but with broad variability among subjects. Scanning electron microscopy shows a range of fibers that varies from fewer than 100–2500 fibers per gram of wet tissue. Within the asbestos bodies, fiber aggregates may be observed. The Helsinki Report indicates that attention should be paid to individuals with more than 100,000 amphibole fibers longer than 5 μm/ gram of dry lung or more than one asbestos body per milliliter of bronchial alveolar lavage. Epidemiology distinguishes occupational and nonoccupational exposure, and for nonoccupational exposure a distinction is made between household v vi Foreword and neighborhood exposure. The percentages are higher for occupational than nonoccupational exposure but vary widely depending on the type of observational study considered. Eighty to ninety percent of mesotheliomas are found in the pleura, 10–15% are peritoneal and less than 5% are located in the pericardium. The median age of onset is 74 years. Chrysotile seems to be less carcinogenic than amphibole fibers, but not all types have been studied in detail, partly because of the mixtures of various fibers. The carcinogenic properties of these materials need to be further inves- tigated to better define the genomic heterogeneity, the localization, and the morphological characteristics of the derived mesotheliomas. The book describes the process of asbestos-dependent carcinogenesis in detail, considering not only the cancer cell but also the tumor microenviron- ment, with particular reference to the immunological aspects. Early diagnosis is important. In this field, the recent identification of miRNAs, designated as “mesomiRNAs,” as potential biomarkers of the disease is of particular inter- est although confirmatory data based on large trials are necessary. In this context, the development of liquid biomarkers will be of particular value. The prognosis of mesothelioma is particularly negative because of the lack of specific treatments. Hence, the development of efficacious and innovative treat- ment strategies is a priority. This process requires the conduction of preclinical studies, which are likely to benefit from the variety of preclinical tests available. A chapter of this book contains a comprehensive description of the preclinical tests in use along with a detailed discussion of their advantages and limitations. The current panel of in vitro tests available is based on the use of primary cell cultures, immortalized cell lines, and derived spheroid cultures. Several in vivo models have also been developed and they consist of mouse xenografts of human cell lines and patient-derived tissues or primary tumor cells. There is a need for the development of asbestos-induced mouse models of mesothelioma that may be transplanted subcutaneously or orthotopically in the pleura. Due to the long latency of this tumor—estimated at 30 years or more— there is ample time for intervention to block its progression and dissemination in man. This long latency means that asbestos-related cancers are likely to peak in the next decade. The therapy of mesothelioma is still in its infancy. Classical chemotherapy, with cisplatin and pemetrexed, is not very effective, so ongoing trials include combinations of drugs targeting angiogenesis such as bevacizumab or antibodies acting as checkpoint inhibitors. Clearly, prevention is another major issue and a straightforward measure to be implemented is banning the production and all sorts of products containing asbestos. To conclude, I believe this very easy readable book is a careful update of the current literature on asbestos. The chapters are presented in a clear form with appropriate tables and figures. The book will serve as a reference for all physicians and researchers dealing with the research and care of patients with mesothelioma. Silvio Garattini, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS Milan, Italy Preface Why a Book on Mesothelioma? Recent advances in the diagnosis, characterization, and therapy of many hematological and solid malignancies are certainly extraordinary and have significantly improved the survival of patients with cancer. However, for some human malignancies like mesothelioma, although there have been remarkable increases in our knowledge of the main cause(s), and improve- ments in clinical management, the overall survival is still short. This book provides an authoritative overview of the latest validated clinical results on the diagnosis and therapy of mesothelioma, with special emphasis on open questions and preclinical and clinical research. Much interesting research on mesothelioma is going on in different parts of the world so we have selected the authors of the various chapters not only on the basis of their internationally recognized outstanding expertise in mesothe- lioma but also considering their experience and involvement in research. Therefore, the chapters present not only the “state of the art” but also report novel ideas and hypotheses currently under investigation. An important part of the book is devoted to preclinical and translational research that—everybody hopes—will have an impact on clinical research and practice in the near future. Growing evidence that the tumor microenvironment and immune response are key factors in the onset and progression of human malignancies is of particular importance for mesothelioma because chronic inflammation caused by exposure to asbestos is a hallmark of the disease. Several chapters therefore highlight the influence of the host mechanisms, as important for novel therapeutic approaches. Mesothelioma is a complex and heterogeneous disease and clinicians need to keep up to date on new, rapidly expanding findings from biological, phar- macological, and immunological research. Obviously, though, information from pathological, surgical, and clinical experience is equally important to direct preclinical research towards clinically relevant objectives. We sincerely hope this book will contribute to enhancing communication and boosting the integration of knowledge among scientists and clinicians with different expertise. Bergamo, Italy Giovanni Luca Ceresoli Bergamo, Italy Emilio Bombardieri Milano, Italy Maurizio D’Incalci vii Acknowledgments The editors are grateful to Ms. Anna Luisa De Simone Sorrentino (Milano) for her valid collaboration in connecting authors and for her secretarial help. ix Contents 1 Epidemiology of Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Dario Mirabelli, Alessandro Marinaccio, Pietro Comba, and Corrado Magnani 2 Asbestos and the Pathophysiology of Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . 19 Nico van Zandwijk and Glen Reid 3 Screening Issues in Exposed Subjects and Early Diagnosis . . . . 35 Manlio Mencoboni, Paola Taveggia, Claudio Francesco Simonassi, and Rosa Angela Filiberti 4 Genetics and Epigenetics of Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Anna Aspesi, Marika Sculco, Simonetta Guarrera, Elisabetta Casalone, Laura Moro, Corrado Magnani, Giuseppe Matullo, and Irma Dianzani 5 Microenvironment and Immunology of the Human Pleural Malignant Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Elisabeth Digifico, Cristina Belgiovine, Alberto Mantovani, and Paola Allavena 6 Preclinical Models in Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Ilaria Fuso Nerini and Roberta Frapolli 7 Pathological Diagnosis of Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Gabriella Fontanini, Greta Alì, and Rossella Bruno 8 Tissue and Circulating Biomarkers in Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . 123 Paolo Andrea Zucali 9 Diagnostic Imaging of Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Christopher M. Straus and Samuel G. Armato III 10 Measuring Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 Anna K. Nowak and Samuel G. Armato III 11 Role of Metabolic Imaging in Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Fabrizia Gelardi, Andrea Marciano, Paola Anna Erba, and Arturo Chiti 12 Staging of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Lawrence Okiror and Andrea Bille xi xii Contents 13 Surgery and Multimodality Treatment in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Federico Rea, Eleonora Faccioli, and Giuseppe Marulli 14 Role of Radiotherapy in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma . . . . 205 Marta Scorsetti, Davide Franceschini, Fiorenza De Rose, and Vittorio Vavassori 15 Role of Chemotherapy in the Management of Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 Letizia Gianoncelli, Maria Bonomi, and Giovanni Luca Ceresoli 16 Targeting Angiogenesis in Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Arnaud Scherpereel 17 Targeted Therapies in Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Loredana Urso and Giulia Pasello 18 Mesothelin-Targeted Agents in Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261 Loredana Urso and Giulia Pasello 19 Immunotherapy of Mesothelioma: Vaccines and Cell Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 R. A. Belderbos, R. Cornelissen, and J. G. J. V. Aerts 20 Immunotherapy, the Promise for Future of Mesothelioma Treatment? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 S. Brosseau, V. Gounant, and G. Zalcman 21 Peritoneal Mesothelioma: Diagnosis and Management . . . . . . . 301 Marcello Deraco, Shigeki Kusamura, Marcello Guaglio, Antonello Cabras, Eran Nizri, and Dario Baratti 22 Rare Localizations of Mesothelioma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323 Marta Betti and Federica Grosso 23 Unmet Needs and Future Outlook of Mesothelioma Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Dean A. Fennell
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