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Mesa Verde Waterline Replacement Project Phase III Archeological & Historical Studies... United States Department of the Interior... 1999 PDF

429 Pages·1999·37.4 MB·English
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Preview Mesa Verde Waterline Replacement Project Phase III Archeological & Historical Studies... United States Department of the Interior... 1999

Roe ObY¥8 LLO2 MW Sb/4 144 MESA VERDE WATERLINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT PHASE Il ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL STUDIES PAG JR 1yvuVv Cay A twee, JoelM . Bieteten, Julie A. ell ( yothie| Williams Patria BR Pliwt lacey Stowe Laonungues Diviwon of Research and Resource Managemen «Mess Verde National Part « Cotorado 2000-0059 38MF J Dedication This report is dedicated to the memory of Jack O Neak Denver Service Center Chie! Inepector of the Mesa Veruk Waterline Replacement Project. Phase HI lt was ALL soure to work with one of the finest and the best | Abstract The Mesa Verde Waterline Replacement Project Phase Il, 1992-1997, provided an opportunity to investigate human land use and settlement pat- terns through time in the Colorado Plateau region of southwest Colorado A total of 4) ha was surveyed for cultural resources along the 63 km route of the waterline across three different ecological zones lower montane joothill, river valley Noor, and mesa top A total of 47 sites was discovered during the construction of the waterline replacement and effects of con- struction work were mitigated on 45 sites by testing and excavation Over- all the cultural resources discovered ranged in time from the late Archaic Period (ca. 1000 B.C -ca. 300 BC _) through the Anasazi occupation (A.D |- 1300) through the Euro-American histone period (A.D. 1600-1950) The sites reflected a wide range of land use including small campsite fire pits, pottery firing kilns, mountain resource procurement sites, prehistoric hort- cultural habitation sites, historic homesteads, camps, trails, historic rail- roads, and federal park development One of the most significant contributions to our understanding of the past was through the excavation and analysis of nine Anasaz: pottery firing kilns at seven sites on Chapin Mesa within Mesa Verde National Park The kilns were among the first Pueblo Il trench kilns excavated in the Mesa Verde Region The stratigraphic deposits indicated a four stage firing process for Anasazi pottery and the fuel used in the firing was identified as primarily pinyon and juniper Acknowledgements Thanks are in order to the many individuals who, in Anasazi Heritage Center, Victoria Atkins, Susan one Way oF another, made a contribution to the comple Thomas, Carolyn Landes, Tom Vaughn, Frances Hon of this project Durocher, Kathy herencevieh NPS Rovky Mountain Region Adrienne Anderon Doug Scott, Steve Domingues, Denny Danielson NPS Superintendents: Robert Heyder, Terry Gers, Private Landowner. Bob and Thelma Bement, Russell Larry Wiese and Ann Hindmarsh, Stanley and Mary Hindmarsh Mesa Verde Division of Research and Resource Management; Jack Smith, Gary Matlock, Steve Companies, Empire Electric, who let us use the “Cherry Picker” to take photos of site SMT 10594 Chomko, Linda Towle, Kathy Fiero, Margie Pruitt, Anita Vialpando, Elizabeth Bauer, Steve Budd-Jack. Mesa Verde Waterline Archeologists, Gay Ives, Earl Mary Griffitts, Marilyn Colyer, Pat Oppelt, Mark Mead, Joe! Brisbin, Greg Fox, Janet Weeth, Dana Johannsen, Raymond Begay, Willie Begay, Kee Char Robinson, Bill Matthews, Karl Schaffenburg. Julie ley John, Gene Trujillo Bell, Cynthia Williams, Bill Dale Mesa Verde PVirsiottore ction, Howard Dimont, MWesaa tVerede rlinEdeito rs: Marjane Ambler, Denise Fuller, Kelley Shepherd, Ev Whitehead, Jim Patricia Flint-Lacey Cutler WashingD.tC.o NnPS . Katie Ryan MIensat eVrerpder etation. Don Fiero, Linda Martin, John Kenoyer. Aaron Kay, Art Hutchinson, Mona With special thanks to Mallory Hope Ferrell for kind Hutchinson permission to reproduce his Rio Grand Southern Rail- road Map Mesa Verde Administration, Jack Muller, Dixie Sparks, Brenda Tupec. Beverly Cunningham, Manlynn Thanks also to the 1997 Hovenweep Artist in Resi Heath dence, Deborah L. Kelley, for illusttrhea litthiicn tgool s and bone gaming piece included in this report. MMeasai Vnetrdee nance. Bob Bangs. Ron Mallory. Gerald Lange. Pat Treacy. James Perry, Terry Wiermer. Thanks to those reviewers who made substantivaen d Harold Welty editorial comments on the 1997 draft report: Kristie Arrington, Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, BLM. Kristie Arrington, Katherine Bulinski, Leon Frances Durocher, Mark Varien, Kathy Fiero, Carol Lujan, Sally Wisely, Mark Hollis Gleichman, Linda Honeycutt, Jerry Fetterman (Contents ee ssEnneEnnanenennnnnnnsneennesneenenennnnnnene Abstract DASA LALLA Ahhh hhh Th CORISES nccccecccvcercveccccccconnnscososonnocesoonnosnsonsonsonnoonoonsoonooonoosooonnooooonnoooooooosooosooosoooonsoocossocssocsoescsesescccscccee WE List OF PUQUTOS ...::ccceceeeereneenernenennnnens eecvevenseosoonosooenessonsoosoessosssoossoscooosoosoossonssoosoocsocosooeoeseseseeesesecscceeee SD CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND ARCHEOLOGICAL RESEARCH DESIGN 0. ccmmmmmmmnnnnnnnnernnnnnes Project Study Area Culture History Research Design Site Typology Investigative Strategies Summary CHAPTER 2 OVERVIEW OF THE MESA VERDE WATERLINE REPLACEMENT PROJECT ......... scceccee OE Introduction i Summary of the Water Supply History (1 888-1979) 12 The Waterline Replacement Project (1979-1995) 23 Management Organization for Phase III 26 Summary 28 CHAPTER 3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT Colorado Plateau CHAPTER 4 HISTORICAL OVERVIEW oo 9 Introduction ............ ” Historic Context: Ute and Euro-Amencan Contact | W Histonc Context: Spanish Exploration 4) Historic Context: The Fur Trade and American Exploration .. news i 42 Historic Context: The Early Gold Rush 43 Historic Context: The Railroads 44 Historic Context. Ranching, Farming. Water, and Irrigation 44 Historic Context: Federal Activity: Development of Mesa Verde National Park 46 Historic Context: The Establishment of Early National Park Service (NPS) Administrative Facilities in Mesa Verde National Park, 1921-193) 53 vil Historic Content: Depression- Era Development at Mesa Verde National Park, 1951-1942 57 Description of Historie Districts and Sites Impacted by the Waterline Replacement Project within Mesa Verde National Park w Effects of the Waterline Replacement Project upon Historic Structures and Features in Mesa Verde National Park OA Summary and Conclusions of Mesa Verde Waterline Replacement Project Histoncal Overview 66 CHAPTER 5 CULTURAL RESOURCE BASE: ARCHEOLOGICAL SURVEY ...cccccccccccceeceeennennnnnnns veveeveee OF Introduction 67 Preconstruction Surveys 68 Chapter 5 Section | Mancos Segment 69 Chapter 5 Section 2) Montezuma Valley Segment 78 Chapter 5 Section 3: Mesa Verde National Park Segment: Park Entrance, Morefield Campground, Navajo Hill-Far View, and Chapin Mesa 102 Summary of the Mesa Verde Waterline Replacement Project Cultural Resource Data Base 121 CHAPTER 6 MANCOS VALLEY SEGMENT TESTING AND EXCAVATION: SITES 5MT10969, SMT4035, FRET BATS, FRET UAT SR, FRAT ERTS ccccccccecccccscescvececcccvecosccescnsceeocecssoossocsoonsossoosssccsecees ccecscrcscnscce MSD Introduction 123 Mancos Valley Segment Physiographic Setting 123 Site SMT 10969: Historic Homestead 123 Site SMT4035° Rio Grande Southern Narrow Guage Railroad Grade 134 Prehistoric Upland Procurement Camp Sites SMT11731, SMT11732 & SMT11733 1% Site SMT11731 137 Site SMT11732 14] Site SMT11733 1S Sumamnd aComprariyson of Sites SMT11731, SMT11732, SMT11733 uw 16 Summary of Mancos Segment Testing and Mitigation . 19 CHAPTER? MONTEZUMA VALLEY SEGMENT TESTING AND EXCAVATION: SITES SMT 10834, SMT11706, SMT11728, SMT11729, SMT 10595 ............ , 161 Introduction cose GE Site SMT 10834, Basketmaker III Habitation ao 161 Site SMT11706, Pueblo Il Habitation ———~ Site SMT11728, Anasazi Jacal Structure — Site SMT11729, Oxidized Pit Feature , 175 Site SMT 10595, Pueblo Il Multicomponent Habitation , ) — Montezuma Valley Segment Testing and Excavations Summary —————— CHAPTERS MONTEZUMA VALLEY SEGMENT EXCAVATION AT SITE S5MT10594 - 191 Introduction : 191 Methodology 191 Architectural and Feature Descriptions of Component | at Site SMT10594, Basketmaker III/Pueblo I vill Occupation 92 Architectural and Feature Deseriptions of Component 2 at Site SMT 10594, Pueblo TH Occupation 229 Interpretation and Conclusions on Site SMT 105904 231 Summary of Site SMT10S94 Ww CHAPTER ® MONTEZUMA VALLEY SEGMENT TESTING AND EXCAVATION: SITES SMT 11451, SMT 11452, SMT11667, SMT 11668, SMT1L709, AND SMTLETIO......c0. 24 Introduction 24) Site SMT11451 (Pueblo | Rubble, Basin Feature, Lith and Ceramic Scatter) 24) Site SMT11452 (Pueblo II Lithie and Ceramic Scatter) 245 Site SMT1 1667 (Basketmaker I1/Pueblo Il Rubble Mound and Artifact Scatter) 247 Site SMT11668 (Basketmaker III Feature and Artifact Scatter) 254 Site SMT11709 (Basketmaker III/Pueblo I Artifact Scatter) 289 Site SMT11710 (Hearth and Fire Cracked Rock) aed) Montezuma Valley Segment Testing and Excavation Summary 262 CHAPTER 10 MESA VERDE SEGMENT TESTING AND EXCAVATION; SITES SMV 3970, SMV 3987, SMV 3971, SMV 3978, SMV 3942, SMV 3962, SMV 3963, SMV 3964, SMV3965, SMV 3966, SMV 3973. rovcccccecsesoeoesoesoecsosessoocsoocsesesesesocossoocneoees 268 Site SMV 1970 (Hearth) 265 Site SMV 3987 (Slab Lined Hearth) 266 Site SMV 397) (Bell Shaped Pit) 267 Site SMV 3978 (Prehistoric Burial) 267 Site SMV 3942 (Prehistoric and Historic Check Dams) — 268 Site SMV 3962 (SprucTere e Maintenance Yard) ..... we , 270 Site SMV 3963 (Deep Water Well) ........... - AURAL 272 Site SMV 3964 (Chapin Mesa Water Catchment and Storage System) ~— , — Site SMV 3965 ( Spring Water Storage Tank).................... , : 276 Site SMV 3966 Feat2u (Hirsteori c Trash Pit)........ 277 Site SMV 3973 (Utility Trenches) ......... 278 Other Histone Features Affected On Chapin Mesa 279 Summary and Conclusions Mesa Verde Segment Testing and Excavation ... 280 CHAPTER ll MESA VERDE SEGMENT POTTERY FIRING KILNS 281 Historyo f Kiln Research. sonantenssectetmnanneneeneemmeemmneennmnemee STII uncaresnenenemineeneenennneerenemmnmnennnennrene meneennnete : .. 288 aE icsrressenseneucteveneeunestnntenmnnnseminennnenens PeRRAaNRNREANNENRNNRNT: 290 a . : a | paneedimmmene . 292 Site SMV 3945, The EABORTY IAB ...0:0ccccccceeeseeee - en meneame 295 Site SMV 3982, Jack Mueller Kiln. a a mmeee 296 Summary of the Chapin Mesa Kiln Sites C onstruction and Stratigraphy - . 297 Temporal Placeofm tehe nChtapi n Mesa Kilns .............. a Ceramic Material Culture Assemblage Characteristics at Chapin Mesa Kilns. , —_— .. W2 Lithic Material Culture at Chapin Mesa Kilns ............ aoe | , Mad

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