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Mercenaries: The Scourge of the Third World PDF

212 Pages·1999·11.062 MB·English
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MERCENARIES Also by Guy Arnold WARS IN THE THIRD WORLD SINCE 1945 BRAINWASH: The Cover-Up Society KENYATTA AND THE POLITICS OF KENYA MODERN NIGERIA THE RESOURCES OF THE THIRD WORLD * WORLD GOVERNMENT BY STEALTH BRITAIN SINCE 1945 * THE END OF THE THIRD WORLD * From the same publishers Mercenaries The Scourge of the Third World Guy Arnold First published in Great Britain 1999 by MACMILLAN PRESS LTD Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London Companies and representatives throughout the world A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, ISBN 978-1-349-27710-0 ISBN 978-1-349-27708-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-27708-7 First published in the United States of America 1999 by ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC., Scholarly and Reference Division, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 ISBN 978-0-312-22203-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Arnold, Guy. Mercenaries : the scourge of the Third World/Guy Arnold. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-312-22203-1 (cloth) 1. Mercenary troops-Developing countries. I. Title. U42.A 78 1999 355.3'54-dc21 99-18562 CIP © Guy Arnold 1999 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. 2 1 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99 Contents Preface VI List of Abbreviations and Acronyms Vll Introduction IX The Congo 1960-1965 2 The Nigerian Civil War 18 3 Southern Africa (I) Rhodesia 26 4 Southern Africa (2) Angola 33 5 African vulnerability 46 6 Island destabilization: Comoros, Seychelles, Denard 56 7 The British mercenary tradition: The Middle East 65 8 Papua New Guinea and Bougainville 74 9 Nicaragua and Colombia 86 10 Europe 101 II South Africa and Executive Outcomes 113 12 The new mercenary coporations 123 13 Sierra Leone, Sandline and Britain 132 14 Western attitudes 147 15 The United Nations 159 16 Conclusions - the future 169 Notes 175 Appendix 181 Index 190 v Preface The subject of mercenaries rouses similar emotions to that of arms sales and in a violent, competitive world the demand for the services of the former and the supply of the latter steadily escalates. In the near 40 years from the Congo crisis of the early 1960s to the restoration of President Kabbah in Sierra Leone with the help of the British mer cenary company Sandline in 1998, there has been a profound change in the perception and use of mercenaries, from the individual soldiers of-fortune who turned up in the Congo or Angola to the new corpo rate mercenary who is leased out by a range of security and military advice companies which claim only to work for legitimate govern ments. These companies are the result of a new approach to problems by an ever wider range of governments: the 'outsourcing' of tasks to private enterprise which formerly were the sole province of govern ment. There is every indication that sophisticated military advisory security firms will become increasingly powerful, sought after and dangerous. If this proves to be the case they will turn into an inde pendent monster that cannot be controlled and one, moreover, that will have been encouraged by the shortsighted and foolish policies of the world's major military powers. Vl List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ADFL Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council ANC African National Congress APC All People's Congress BATT British Army Training Team CCB Civil Cooperation Bureau CIA Central Intelligence Agency DCC Directorate of Covert Collection DSL Defence Systems Limited ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECOMOG Economic Community Monitoring Group ELP Portuguese Liberation Army EO Executive Outcomes FAPLA Forc;as Armadas Populares de Libertac;ao de Angola FAZ Forces Armees du Zaire FMG Federal Military Government FNLA Frente Nacional de Libertac;ao de Angola MDLP Democratic Movement for the Liberation of Portugal MPLA Movimento Popular de Libertac;ao de Angola MPRI Military Professional Resources Inc NGO Non-Government Organization NPFL National Patriotic Front of Liberia NPRC National Provisional Ruling Council OAU Organization of African Unity RUF Revolutionary United Front SADF South Africa Defence Force SAS Special Air Services SDP Seychelles Democratic Party SLPP Sierra Leone People's Party SPPF Seychelless People's Progressive Front SPUP Seychelles People's United Party SWAPO South West Africa People's Organization UDI Unilateral Declaration of Independence vii Vlll Abbreviations and Acronyms UNITA Uniao Nacional para a lndependencia Total de Angola UNSDF Ukrainian National Self-Defence Forces ZANU Zimbabwe African National Union ZIPA Zimbabwe People's Army Introduction The story of mercenaries goes back almost as far as that of organized armies; they recur throughout recorded history, sometimes playing a relatively honourable role, at others a disreputable one. The most reliable army is that of patriotic volunteers, the least the mercenary corps, while lying between these two extremes is the army of the modern state: that is, one made up largely of conscripts. The fact about the mercenary which should never be forgotten is that he serves for pay; he is not a patriot and he has no loyalty to the cause for which - temporarily - he is fighting. An army composed, wholly or in part, of mercenaries cannot be relied upon in the same way as a national army. The financial motive comes first with the mercenary; as a result his loyalty must always be suspect. Those who employ mercenaries, therefore, must ensure that they are paid and paid regularly. Such pay is often extremely high but unpaid mercenaries are a danger to their employers and not to be trusted. The mercenary bands commonly employed in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries easily and often turned into a menace both to their former employers and, more generally, to the country in which they would operate as freebooters once the money to pay them had run out - as it frequently did. Mercenaries first appear in ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia where their services were essential aspects of imperial control. At the height of their military dominance the Carthaginians employed large num bers of mercenaries alongside their regular troops. Some of these regular mercenary forces such as the Nubians serving the Pharoahs or the Janissaries serving the Ottomans were composed of slave regi ments. Possibly the most famous mercenary band in history was that celebrated by Xenophon in the Anabasis, his story of the 10,000 Greeks who were employed by Cyrus, the pretender to the Persian throne. These Greeks formed a highly efficient fighting force and were available because the long Peloponnesian war between Athens and Sparta had just come to an end. Mercenaries or potential mercenaries are usually available in large numbers at the conclusion of any major war. When the Roman Empire ceased to rely upon its citizen armies and turned instead to mercenaries it embarked upon a path that led to its eventual disinte gration. IX

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